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LCD 309 Speech Science > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The vocal apparatus involves the coordination of about

A

100 muscles

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2
Q

The CNS (the body’s master control unit) is made up of ….

A

Spinal cord
Brain stem
Brain (hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain)

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3
Q

The peripheral NS (the body’s link to the outside world) is made up of…

A

The autonomic NS (involuntary processes) and the somatic NS (voluntary movements)

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4
Q

What set of neurons are we concerned with in speech?

A

Efferent neurons (it has to do with muscular movements)

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5
Q

A neuron is a ….

A

Cell

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6
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

It facilitates transmission of electrical impulses from the dendrites to the synaptic knob

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7
Q

The axon is…

A

the extension of the neuron cell body that forms a synapse with another neuron or muscle fiber.

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8
Q

Dendrites are ….

A

fibrous roots that branch out from the cell body. Like antennae, dendrites receive and process signals from the axons of other neurons.

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9
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

A periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.

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10
Q

What are Synaptic knobs responsible for?

A

Mediating the functional link between neurons as well as other cells in the body. The synapses are responsible for connecting the axons and dendrites of neighbouring neurons.

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11
Q

What is the axon terminal?

A

The nerve terminal is a specialized region of a neuron, separated from the neuronal soma by an axon that can be exceedingly long, whose function is to release neurotransmitter when stimulated by an electrical signal carried by the axon.

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12
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain & their functions?

A

Frontal lobe − It is responsible for cognitive functions such as attention, thinking, memory, reasoning and learning. It also inhibits the autonomic and emotional responses.

Parietal lobe − It is mainly concerned with cutaneous sensations and their coordination with visual and auditory sensations.

Temporal lobe − It processes the auditory information.
It also helps in understanding of speech and written language and memorising symbolic sounds and words.

Occipital lobe − It interprets visual impulses, memorises visual stimuli and helps in colour visual orientation.

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13
Q

Nerves are…

A

Groups of cell bodies that have the same function

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14
Q

What is grey matter?

A

A collection of cell bodies

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15
Q

What is white matter ?

A

A collection of axons

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16
Q

Motor neurons in the cortex are…

A

Upper motor neurons

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17
Q

Trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V) involves the…

A

Ophthalmic nerve: innervation of face, skull & nasal cavity
Maxillary nerve: innervation of teeth & palate
Mandibular nerve: sensory & innervation of muscle of mastication

MANDIBLE (CN V): at rest, open (pressure), close (pressure), sensitivity, lateralization, protrusion, retraction

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18
Q

What is the facial nerve (CN VII) in charge of?

A

Sensory & motor innervation of facial movement & expression

Lips (CN VII): at rest, protrusion, retraction, repetitive protrude/retract, puff cheeks, strength, sensitivity )

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19
Q

What are the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) & Vagus nerve (CN X) in charge of?

A

Motor innervation of all tongue musculature

Tongue (CN XII, CN X): at rest, protrusion (strength), stick up (strength), stick down (strength), lateralization (strength0, recursion (strength)

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20
Q

Which muscle is in charge of tongue protrusion?

A

Genioglossus muscles (CN XII)

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21
Q

Which muscles retract the tongue?

A

Hypoglossus & styloglossus muscles (CN XII)

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22
Q

Which muscles are responsible for elevation of posterior portions of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus muslces (CN X)

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23
Q

What are the cranial nerves involved in speech systems??

A

CN V- Trigeminal nerve
CN VII- Facial nerve
CN IX- Glosspharyngeal nerve
CN X- Vagus nerve
CN XI- Accessory nerve
CN XII- Hypoglossal nerve

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24
Q

What are the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) & vagus nerve (CN X) in charge of???

A

Motor innervation of the pharynx (CN IX & CN X)

Velum: at rest (CN IX), prolonged “ah” (CN X), repetitive “ah” (CN X)

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25
Q

Problem with velar control would have the sound “ah” sound like…

A

“Mmm”

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26
Q

What is the accessory nerve (CN XI) in charge of?

A

Innervation of intrinsic musculature of the larynx, pharyngeal constriction & neck & shoulder movements

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27
Q

We connect the Upper motor neurons with lower motor neurons & peripheral systems by a …

A

Tract

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28
Q

The tracts usually…

A

-Run bilaterally from each hemisphere of the brain to peripheral bodily parts
-Terminates at different junctures
-Are neural pathways that are located in the brain & spinal cord

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29
Q

The pyramidal tract…

A

-Originates from motor corticosteroids & other brain regions
-Transits through the brain to the spinal cord
-Conscious control of the bulbar & other body muscles

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30
Q

The extra pyramidal tract…

A

Originates from the brain stem
Transits through the spinal cord
Is in charge of unconscious, reflexive or responsive control of musculature (muscle tone, balance, posture & locomotion)

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31
Q

The pyramidal tract is made up of…

A

-Corticobulbar tract
-Corticospinal tract

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32
Q

What is the Corticobulbar tract?

A

-Connect the upper motor neurons w/ the lower motor neurons
-Efferent nerve fibers from motor cortices
-Conducts impulses from motor cortices to cranial nerves
-innervation cranial nerves that controls speaking & swallowing

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33
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

-efferent nerve fibers from motor cortices
-descends to the spinal cord
-voluntary control of bodily parts excluding the bulbar musculature

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34
Q

The auditory cortices…

A

Decode speech signals

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35
Q

Speech is…

A

Sound waves made through modification of airstream generated during speech breathing

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36
Q

Speech breathing is…

A

The regulation of breathing for voice & speech production (not all forms of breathing supports voice & speech production)

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37
Q

Breathing involves…

A

Inhalation/inspiration & Exhalation/ expiration

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38
Q

What is inhalation/inspiration?

A

Movement of air into upper/lower airways

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39
Q

What is exhalation/expiration?

A

Movement of air out of upper/lower airways

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40
Q

Density is…

A

How closely molecules are packed

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41
Q

Air pressure is…

A

The measure of force exerted by molecules on a unit of area

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42
Q

Volume is…

A

3-dimensional space occupied by matter

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43
Q

Temperature is…

A

Kinetic theory (energy) of gas molecules

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44
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

The inverse relationship between volume & pressure given a constant temperature & mass

-increase in volume associated with decrease in pressure temperature given a constant temperature & mass
-decrease in volume associated with an increase in pressure temperature given a constant temperature & mass

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45
Q

Breathing is….

A

Pressure difference due to change in volume of the lungs during breathing
-Boyle’s law underlies fluid (gas/liquids) flow from high to low pressure as a function of volume
-Expansion of the lungs increases its volume & results in a drop in pressure (negative pressure) relative to atmospheric pressure (positive pressure)
-Molecules move from high to low pressure

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46
Q

Explain the process of inhalation

A

The lungs fill & as volume increases the pressure decreases, then air volume starts to build up & thats when the air molecules outside the body goes into the lungs

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47
Q

Exhalation happens when…

A

Air molecules in your lungs are more than the atmospheric pressure around you and that’s when exhalation happens because you are trying to equalize the pressure

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48
Q

Air molecules going into the lungs would be ______ pressure

A

Negative

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49
Q

Air rushing into lungs causes _______ pressure

A

Positive

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50
Q

What is pascal’s law?

A

Pressure change at any point in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere

Therefore…
Pressure in lungs= pressure in alveoli

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51
Q

The pulmonary system is made up on the …

A

Trachea + Lungs

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52
Q

What encloses the pulmonary systems?

A

The thoracic cavity

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53
Q

Muscles are _____ tissues

A

Contractile

54
Q

Muscle tone is…

A

-The natural resting tension of a muscle
-Low level muscle activity when not contracted to do work

55
Q

What are the types of muscle movement??

A

Isotonic
Isometric
Concentric
Eccentric

56
Q

Isotonic muscle movement is…

A

Unopposed muscle contraction

57
Q

Isometric muscle movement is…

A

Opposed muscle contraction

58
Q

Concentric muscle movement is…

A

Isotonic movement that results in movement of skeletal parts

59
Q

Eccentric muscle movement is…

A

Partially opposed muscle contraction

60
Q

Work done via muscle contraction is a function of ____

A

Load (internal & external body forces acting on a set of muscles)

61
Q

Muscle work is categorized by…

A

Agonist
Antagonist

62
Q

What is agonist muscle work??

A

Contracts to achieve a given movement

Prime mover- primarily responsible for the given movement
Synergist- supports the prime mover(s)

63
Q

What is antagonist muscle work?

A

Opposes contraction of another muscle

64
Q

The muscles of breathing are…

A

Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles

65
Q

During inhalation the diaphragm _______

A

Contracts (moves down)

66
Q

During exhalation the diaphragm _____

A

Relaxes (moves up)

67
Q

Some factors that control lung volume change…

A

-Linkage between lungs & thoracic cavity
-Restorative forces (elastic recoil forces of lungs)
-Gravity
-Torque of rib cartilage
-Restoration of thoracic expansion

68
Q

Quiet breathing involves:

A

Diaphragm contracts —> relaxed abdominal muscles stretch & abdomen bulges

Diaphragm relaxes—> abdominal muscles recoil elastically & abdomen returns to resting position

69
Q

Total Lung capacity (TLC) is…

A

The maximum volume of air the lungs can hold

70
Q

Vital capacity (VC) is…

A

Maximum volume of air exhaled from the lungs after maximum inhalation

71
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC) is…

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after reaching the end of a tidal expiration IC = TV + IRV

72
Q

Tidal volume (TV) is…

A

Volume of air exchanged during a full cycle of breathing

Tidal breathing: tidal volume of the lungs is 15% of vital capacity

73
Q

Residual volume (RV) is…

A

Volume of air in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

74
Q

Functional reserve volume (FRC) is…

A

Volume of air in the lungs after a passive exhalation (3 L in normal lungs)

75
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is…

A

Amount of air that could still be inhaled

76
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is…

A

Amount of air that could still be exhaled

77
Q

Forced inhalation is …

A

-Inhalation of greater volume of air
- > 60% of vital capacity
-greater contraction of diaphragm & external intercostal muscles
-greater contraction of synergistic muscles

78
Q

Forced exhalation is…

A

-air is expelled faster than during tidal breathing
-contraction of internal intercoastal muscles
-contraction of abdominal muscles
-exhalation is active

79
Q

Quiet breathing is…

A

Inspiration ~40% + ~60% Expiration

80
Q

Speech breathing is…

A

Inspiration ~10% + ~90% Expiration

81
Q

During inspiration for quiet (tidal) breathing vs. speech breathing …

A
  1. The volume of air inspired during speech breathing is greater than the volume of air inspired during quiet breathing
  2. Degree of automaticity of control: active inspiration & volume change during speech production vs. reflexive inspiration & volume change during quiet breathing
  3. Inspiration for speech comprises less of the total respiratory cycle than quiet
82
Q

Differences between for quiet (tidal) breathing vs. speech breathing …

A

-The volume of air expelled during speech breathing is greater than the volume of air expelled during quiet breathing.
-Passive expiratory forces are not sufficient for speaking & singing. Active control of expiratory forces
-Word/phrase groups determine the duration of expiration.
-Modification of expelled air through the vocal folds in speech breathing
-Increased subglottal pressure during speech breathing relative to quiet breathing

83
Q

Biomechanics of speech breathing in voice & motor speech disorders

A
  1. Paradoxical breathing
    • Contraction of both internal & external intercostal muscles when inhaling
    • Reversing the mechanics of normal breathing
  2. Insufficient generation aerodynamic energy
  3. Inefficient use of aerodynamic energy
  4. Incoordination between abdominal & thoracic respiratory systems
84
Q

The biomechanics of breathing are…

A

Forces that regulate breathing kinematics
Active force: muscle contraction of diaphragm & external intercostal muscles
Passive (restorative) forces: elastic recoil forces of lungs, gravity, torque of rib cartilage & surface tension of alveoli

Passive/ restorative forces= relaxation/rebound pressure

85
Q

Relaxation pressure…

A

Ability of restorative forces to return or rebound the lungs, elastic system, to their state of rest or equilibrium

Positive relaxation pressure —> negative lung volume (lung volume > resting volume)
negative relaxation pressure —> positive lung volume (lung volume equal to or less than resting volume)

86
Q

Internal demands of our body…

A

Body type
Posturing
Speech breathing personality
Respiratory demand

87
Q

External demands of communication…

A

Cognitive-linguistic features

88
Q

Body mass impacts diaphragm ______

A

Contraction
Overweight individuals recruit more muscle effort than those with lesser body weight

89
Q

Posturing means…

A

Sitting upright is optimal for speech breathing (allows for optimal interactions of restorative forces)
-Spine curvature constrains lung expansion during speech breathing
-Lying flat reduces the resting volume of the lungs

90
Q

Speech breathing personality:

A

Clavicular breathing (chest/high/pear-shaped up breathing)
-adaptive breathing strategy for persons with impaired diaphragm control due to neural damage

Diaphragmatic breathing
-optimal mode of breathing
-diaphragm & abdominal support for speech breathing

91
Q

Respiratory demand

A

-Context-dependent metabolic demand (speaking while exercising v. speaking when sitting upright on a chair)
-Homeostatic metabolic control (hyperventilation v. hypoventilation)

92
Q

Some Cognitive & linguistic variables are…

A

-Grammatic & semantic boundaries influence timing of inspiration
-Duration of word retrieval
-Word & phrase length
-Cognitive load

93
Q

Work is…

A

Force exerted over a distance

94
Q

Airflow is…

A

Movement of air molecules through an enclosed space per unit of time

-airflow is a function of pressure between 2 regions
-driving pressure is pressure differential between 2 regions of pressure
-airflow directly proportional to driving pressure

95
Q

Resistance is…

A

Opposition to movement

96
Q

What is airway resistance?

A

-Function of diameter(lumen) of tube/enclosed space
-Inverse relationship between resistance & airflow

97
Q

What is laminar vs. turbulent airflow ?

A

Laminar airflow: direction of large portion of airflow is parallel to tube axis
turbulent airflow: direction of large portion of airflow is not parallel to tube axis

98
Q

What is elastic resistance?

A

Work needed to prevent tissue from springing back to its resting state once deformed

99
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Measure of internal friction of a liquid
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate
Friction: the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another

100
Q

The larynx houses the ___________

A

Vocal folds (the source of phonation)

101
Q

Other biological functions of the larynx are…

A

-Controlling flow of air into & out of the lungs
-Prevent foreign objects (food, water , etc.) from entering the lungs
-Aids in swallowing
-Enable buildup of pressure within the thorax for functions like coughing, vomiting, defecating, & lifting heavy objects

102
Q

Maximal abduction of Vocal folds is good for…

A

Breathing

103
Q

Maximal adduction of Vocal folds is good for…

A

-Protection of the respiratory system
-Epiglottis prevents foreign objects as well

104
Q

Approximation (partial adduction) of the vocal folds is good for…

A

Phonation

105
Q

The larynx is made up _______, __________, _________.

A

-Cartilages (tough flexible tissues that line joints/structure to larynx)
-Ligaments (fibrous tissues connecting bones to other bones providing stability)
-Muscles (composed of bundles of muscle fibers specialized to contract & relax in response to signals from NS)

106
Q

The larynx is made up of ______ cartilages

A

6 cartilages; 3 paired & 3 unpaired
Unpaired: epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid cartilage
Paired: arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform cartilage

107
Q

What do Extrinsic muscles do?

A

Moves larynx as a unit

Suprahyoid muscle groups, stylopharyngeus muscle groups, & infrahyoid muscle groups

108
Q

What do intrinsic muscles do?

A

Moves individual units in the larynx

Thyroarytenoid (vocalis) muscle, cricothyroid muscle, posterior cricothyroid muscle, posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, transverse arytenoid muscle, oblique arytenoid muscle

109
Q

What are the two methods for transforming airflow into speech?

A
  1. Air pressure to set elastic vocal folds into vibration (vibrations produce quasiperiodic sound waves called phonation)
  2. Modification of airflow from the larynx to upper vocal tract (result in noises-aperiodic sound waves, bursts, hisses)
110
Q

Vocal folds are the source of ________

A

Phonation

111
Q

What is the myoelastic aerodynamic theory??

A

Changes in muscles (myo-) elasticity & tension that effect the rate of vibration due to airflow (aerodynamics) from the lungs

112
Q

The Bernoulli principle explains ….

A

The sudden pressure drop in-between the vocal folds

113
Q

Men have _______ & _______ vocal folds

A

Large & long vocal folds

114
Q

Phonatory mode is _______& _______ of vocal folds

A

Approximation & vibration of vocal folds

115
Q

Myoelastic means…

A

Ways in which the muscles change their elasticity & tension to effect changes in rate of vibration of vocal folds

116
Q

Rate of vibration = rate of _______ & ________ of the vocal folds per second

A

Open & closing

117
Q

F0 is the …..

A

Natural frequency of the vibration

118
Q

Women have _____ & _______ vocal folds compared to me

A

Smaller & shorter

119
Q

Children have _________ & _________ vocal folds compared to adults

A

Smaller & shorter

120
Q

Muscles regulate the ______ & _______ of vocal folds

A

The thickness & tension

121
Q

What is the glottis?

A

V shaped space in-between abducted vocal folds

122
Q

Phonation is initiated by _______ pressure

A

Subglottal

123
Q

Subglottal air pressure is _____ approximated vocal folds

A

Below

124
Q

Phonation occurs when ….

A

Subglottal air pressure > air pressure above the VF’s

125
Q

Phonation is facilitated by the _______

A

Bernoulli effect

126
Q

The Bernoulli principle describes the _____ relationship between speed/velocity of fluids (gas+liquid) & the pressure it exerts

A

Inverse

Increase in fluid velocity —> decrease in pressure it exerts

Pressure is perpendicular to direction of airflow

127
Q

The Bernoulli effect on phonation occurs when…

A

-Passage of Subglottal air pressure through approximated VF’s
-Increase in speed of airflow through approximated VF’s
-prior step leads to decrease in pressure in the glottal space
-decrease in pressure facilitates closure of upper layer of the VF’s
-closure transitions to lower layer of the VF’s

128
Q

Phonation is “largely” a function of ______, ______, _____

A

Subglottal pressure, Bernoulli effect, elasticity of the VF’s

129
Q

The human voice is a _____ tone

A

Complex tones made of multiple periodic waves

130
Q

Increase in Subglottal pressure, while everything remains constant, _______ intensity but not frequency

A

Increases

131
Q

Information is heard first decoded in ______ …

A

Auditory cortex, then decoding suprasegmental aspects of speech-prosodies & time in wernicke’s area , then message sent to Broca’s area and ends up in the motor cortex

LCD 309 Speech Science (1 decks)

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