exam 2

Question 1

correspondent interference theory

Answer 1

one behavior - interference about the cause
most informational behavior
1.) social desirable
2.) personal choice
3.) non common effects

Question 2

kelly attribution theory

Answer 2

entity - all 3 are high
internal - consensus and distinctiveness are low, consistency is high
circumstance - consensus and consistency are low, distinctiveness is high
high distinctiveness = usually doesn’t happen

Question 3

fundamental attribution error

Answer 3

underestimating situational factors + overestimate dispositional factors

Question 4

actor-observer effect

Answer 4

explains one’s own behaviors as being caused by the situation while others’ behaviors is explained by their dispositions

Question 5

behavioral attitudes - nonverbal

Answer 5

facial feedback hypothesis: smiling or frowning can cause a change in mood

Question 6

behavioral attitudes - operant conditioning

Answer 6

consequences of behavior, when a behavior is rewarded, it is more likely to occur

Question 7

behavioral attitudes - self-perception theory

Answer 7

proposes that we infer our attitudes from observing our own behavior

Question 8

affective attitude - mere exposure

Answer 8

exposure to a repetitive stimulus can lead a more positive attitude toward it
Zajonc’s Study - read words in foreign language aloud, those that were repeated more = judged to mean something positive

Question 9

affective attitudes - classical conditioning

Answer 9

when a neutral stimulus is paired w/ a stimulus that is not neutral overtime they will elicit the same response
Arthur and Staats - remember word pair, if country was paired with more positive words = rated more favorable

Question 10

motivational attitudes - cognitive dissonance

Answer 10

we are motivated to keep our own explicit cognition organized in a consistent and tension-free manner when we hold two inconsistent cognitions

Question 11

motivational attitudes - functional approach

Answer 11

utilitarian function - gets me something I want
value-expression function
knowledge function - holding this attitude helps me make sense of the world
ego-defensive function - holding this attitude keeps me from having to face some unpleasant truth about myself

Question 12

cognitive attitude - theory of planned behavior

Answer 12

attitude toward a behavior - consequence of the behavior and how important are the consequences
subjective norms - what are others expectations of behavior and how motivated are you to conform to these
perceived control - ease or difficulty of behavior

Question 13

freedom of choice

Answer 13

college students asked to write essay in favor of a ban on controversial speakers on campus

Question 14

justification of effort and dissonance

Answer 14

women participants join discussion on the psych of sex
3 groups - mild embarrassment - read aloud to male-sex related words
- severe embarrassment - read aloud obscene words + graph sexual passage
- control group did nothing

Question 15

postdecision justification

Answer 15

women rate 8 household products
control group - given a product @ the end (no choice)
experimental group - choose btwn top 2 rated products
rated products again

Question 16

cognitive consistency and culture

Answer 16

consistency is more integral to individualist than collectivist societies
behavior within collectivist societies is ideally more concerned w/ being appropriate

Question 17

3 pieces of info we rely on to make an attribution

Answer 17

consensus (entity), consistency (internal, distinctiveness (circumstance)

Question 18

A person making a decision based on heuristics is _____.

Answer 18

C. using mental shortcuts to save time and energy

Question 19

If you are attending a job fair and mistakenly ask another student which company she represents because she appears older and is dressed like the potential employers, your mistake is due to the _____.

Answer 19

C. representativeness heuristic

Question 20

What is the basis for making a judgment based on the anchoring and adjustment heuristic tendency?

Answer 20

A. Using a given value as a starting point when making estimates

Question 21

If you decide that your roommate is pessimistic and unwilling to make an effort to be friendly, you are _____.

Answer 21

B. making an internal attribution

Question 22

When you are explaining why you cheated on a test, you will probably rely on _____ factors.

Answer 22

C. situational

Question 23

If someone tripped you and you assumed that they had done it on purpose, when in fact they happened to have put their leg out to stretch or lean back, you would be making what type of social psychological attribution?

Answer 23

A. Fundamental attribution error

Question 24

Although you have never spoken to the manager of the coffee shop you go to daily, you decide you like her and wave to her when you see her in the mall. Your behavior is an example of the _____.

Answer 24

D. mere exposure effect

Question 25

Some of the emotional components of attitudes and prejudice are formed through the process of _____.

Answer 25

A. classical conditioning

Question 26

If your parents told you that smiling would help you control your anger, their idea was based on the _____.

Answer 26

C. facial feedback effect

Question 27

When people pay a high price to join a dull, boring group activity, they tend to report the group activity was worthwhile and fun to justify the price they paid. What conclusion did dissonance researchers draw based on these results?

Answer 27

A. The more you pay for something, the more you like it.

Question 28

The term used to explain the idea that, after committing to a choice we tend to alter our perceptions by making the choice seem the most attractive one and lowering our evaluation of the unchosen alternative is _____.

Answer 28

A. postdecision dissonance

Question 29

define actor-observer effect and provide an example

Answer 29

explains one’s own behaviors as being caused by the situation while others’ behaviors is explained by their dispositions. you’re walking down the street, trip and fall, you blame the slippery concrete but if you were to see someone else trip and fall you’d blame it on them being clumsy or inattentive

Question 30

describe the quiz master study and how it demonstrates the fundamental attribution error

Answer 30

quizmaster and constant are randomly chosen, the quizmaster is told to think of 10 questions to ask, the audience is given a questionnaire asking who’s smarter, the quizmaster or the contestant

this demonstrates fundamental attribution error because the audience concluded that the quizmaster was more intelligent than the constant because they thought of the questions and know all the answers