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Animal Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are different types of movement?

A

Intracellular, muscle, cell motility/shape

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2
Q

What are the two components of movement?

A

Cytoskeleton that provides movement and motor proteins that provide movement.

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3
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Tubulin polymers that conduct intracellular traffic and are part of a dynamic system. Make up cellular components like flagella and cilia.

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4
Q

What is the MTOC?

A

Microtubule organization center where microtubules of cell are organized from

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5
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

Myosin pulls actin past itself to cause contraction. Force is generated by muscle shortening and increased cross bridges is directly proportional to tension generation.

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6
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Subunit of striated muscle bundled together in myofilament inside a myofibril.

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7
Q

What are motor units?

A

Somatic motors neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

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8
Q

What are transverse tubules?

A

Tubules that carry action potentials deep into the muscle cell and is perpendicular to the myofibril

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9
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum>

A

Stores calcium which regulates muscle contraction. Calciums leaves down its gradient via voltage-gated ion channels and reenters through an ATPase pump.

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10
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Bundles of actin and myosin.

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11
Q

What is the first step of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

The somatic motor neuron releases ach

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12
Q

What is the second step of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Ach binds receptors which opens channels to cause an action potential

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13
Q

What is the third step of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Action potential travels down t-tubules

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14
Q

What is the fourth step of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Voltage-gated channels trigger calcium channels on sarcoplasmic reticulum to open

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15
Q

What is the fifth step of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Calcium diffuses into cytosol and some binds to troponin.

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16
Q

What is the sixth step of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Troponin changes shape and pulls tropomyosin away from binding spots on actin.

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17
Q

What is the seventh step of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Myosin heads are able to form cross bridges with actin.

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18
Q

What is the eighth step of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

The powerstroke cycle occurs with actin being pulled past myosin causing sarcomere shortening.

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19
Q

What is the ninth step of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by calcium ATPase

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20
Q

What is the tenth step of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Troponin releases calcium and tropomyosin slips back over binding spots preventing cross bridge formation.

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21
Q

What is the first step of cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Pacemaker cells depolarize which generates an action potential

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22
Q

What is the second step of cardiac muscle contraction?

A

The action potential travels along the conduction pathway and through cells via gap junctions.

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23
Q

What is the third step of cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Calcium entering as part of the action potential triggers the release of more calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

What is the fourth step of cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Calcium that diffused into the cytosol binds to troponin

25
Q

What is the fifth step of cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Troponin changes shape and pulls tropomyosin away from binding spots on actin

26
Q

What is the sixth step of cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Myosin heads are able to form cross bridges with actin

27
Q

What is the seventh step of cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Powerstroke cycle occurs with actin being pulled past myosin causing sarcomere shortening

28
Q

What is the eighth step of cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid by calcium ATPase

29
Q

What is the ninth step of cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Troponin releases calcium and tropomyosin slips back over binding spots preventing cross bridge formation

30
Q

What is the first step of smooth muscle contraction?

A

Pacemaker cells depolarize which causes hormones or local chemicals to bind receptors or stretch and stimulates a mechanoreceptor. Autonomic neurons release neurotransmitters generating an action potential

31
Q

What is the second step of smooth muscle contraction?

A

Calcium entering as part of the action potential triggers the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

32
Q

What is the third step of smooth muscle contraction?

A

Calcium that diffuses into the cytosol binds to calmodulin

33
Q

What is the fourth step of smooth muscle contraction?

A

The calcium calmodulin complex removes caldesmon from actin and activates the MLCK.

34
Q

What is the fifth step of smooth muscle contraction?

A

MLCK adds a phosphate/phosphate group onto myosin which increases its affinity for actin

35
Q

What is the sixth step of smooth muscle contraction?

A

Myosin heads are able to form cross bridges with actin

36
Q

What is the seventh step of smooth muscle contraction?

A

Powerstrok cycle occurs with actin being pulled past myosin causing shortening and contracting.

37
Q

What is the eighth step of smooth muscle contraction?

A

Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid by ATPase.

38
Q

What is the ninth step of smooth muscle contraction?

A

Calcium is released from calmodulin so no new MLCK is activated, caldesmon rebinds to actin, and MLCP removes phosphate from myosin so that cross bridges are no longer formed.

39
Q

What is calsequestrin?

A

Proteins in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that bind calcium to decrease the concentration of free calcium

40
Q

What is parvalbumin?

A

A protein in the cytosol that binds calcium to decrease the free calcium concentration.

41
Q

What are the different types of circulatory fluid?

A

interstitial, blood, lymph, hemolymph, and water for some animals.

42
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

The circulation system of organisms that do not have a direct circulatory system. It relies on external fluid like water, they have a thin outer layer/membrane and usually have a gastrovascular system.

43
Q

What organisms use bulk flow?

A

Sponges, cnidaria, and platyhelminths

44
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Circulatory systems that have direct contact with tissue, has a large volume, low pressure, low control over flow, and slow metabolism.

45
Q

What organisms use open circulatory systems?

A

Arthropods and molluscs

46
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Circulatory systems with all blood vessels connected which allows for directed movement of fluid

47
Q

What are organisms that use closed circulatory systems?

A

Fish and mammals

48
Q

What is a single chamber heart?

A

Hearts that pull fluid in similarly to placentas. Used by arthropods.

49
Q

What is a two chamber heart?

A

Hearts with one atrium (blood in) and one ventricle (blood out). Used by fish.

50
Q

What is a three chambered heart?

A

A heart with two atria and one ventricle. Used by amphibians.

51
Q

What is a four chambered heart?

A

A heart with two atria and two ventricles. No mixing of high and low oxygen blood. Used by mammals.

52
Q

What is a five chambered heart?

A

A heart with five chambers and a shunt leads to some mixing of high and low-oxygenated blood. Used by non crocodilian reptiles.

53
Q

What is the first step of the cardiac cycle in mammals?

A

Ventricular diastole which is when the pressure in the atria exceeds ventricular pressure. AV valves open and ventricles fill passively.

54
Q

What is the second step of the cardiac cycle in mammals?

A

Atrial systole, when atrial contraction forces additional blood into the ventricles.

55
Q

What is the third step of the cardiac cycle in mammals?

A

Ventricular systole (isovolumetric contraction), when ventricular contraction occurs and pushes the AV valves closed and increases pressure in the ventricles.

56
Q

What is the fourth step of the cardiac cycle in mammals?

A

Ventricular systole, when there is increased ventricular pressure forces the semilunar valves open and blood ejects

57
Q

What is the fifth step of the cardiac cycle in mammals?

A

Ventricular diastole, when the ventricles relax, pressure in the arteries exceeds ventricuar pressure closing semilunar valves.

58
Q

What is the structure of pyruvate?

A

Animal Physiology (2 decks)

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