Exam 2 Flashcards
reasons for change
- solves some problem
- make procedures more efficient
- reduce unnecessay workload
qualitites of change agents
- visionary
- risk taker
- flexible
- communicator
- creative
- sensitive
- current
Lewin’s Change Theory
- Unfreeze
- Change
- Refreeze
Unfreeze
ensures that employees are ready for change
change
execute the intended change
refreeze
ensures that the chnage becomes permanent
rational-empirical strategies
provide evidence or factual info as evidence of the need for change
normative-reeducative strategies
use group norms and peer pressure to socialize and influence people so change occurs
power-coercive strat
feature the applicaiton of power by legitimate authority, economic sanctions, or political clout of the change agent
CAS theory
relationship between elements and agents are nonlinear and the elements are constantly in play to change the environment or outcome
why do individuals resist to change?
- flexibility to change
- evaluation of the immediate situation
- anticipated consequences of the change
- pereptions of what they have to lose and gain
- lack of trust between the employee and manager or employee and organization
which is easier to change? person or group behavior
person’s
budget cycle
- monitor progress and amend
- define budget obj
- review historical and actual data
- develop a base budget
- access data and prepare budget
- monitor outcomes and analyse variances
budgeting methods
- incremental
- zero based
- flexible
- performance
cost-effectiveness
- producing good results for amount of mone spent
