Exam 2 Flashcards
sensation vs perception
sensation = physical process where sensory organs respond to stimuli, perception = psychological process to make sense of stimuli
absolute threshold
smallest amount of a stimuli needed for it to be sensed, measured with signal detection
just noticeable difference
smallest amount of change needed to differentiate between stimuli
top down vs bottom up processing
top down = using existing knowledge/past experiences to understand something, bottom up = all new information
Weber’s Law
bigger stimuli will need larger differences to be noticed
sensory adaptation
if a stimulus does not change, our receptors will stop responding to it
dark and light adaptation
our eyes adapt to dark or light conditions to be able to see
trichromatic vs opponent process theory
trichromatic = 3 types of cones differentiated by wavelength of light they can absorb, opponent process = color is understood based on differences in wavelengths (how much more of color x than its opponent)
rods vs cones
rods perceive light while cones perceive light and color
process of vision (anatomically)
light -> retinal ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells, optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
process of hearing (anatomically)
sound -> pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlear fluid, cochlear cilia, nerves, primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
multimodal perception
effects of multiple stimuli on perceiving the world
super-additive effect of multi-sensory integration
you gain more information from multiple senses than just 1
principle of inverse effectiveness
you don’t gain as much when you are using multiple senses but really only need to use 1
emotions are
intentional/directed, valenced/+ or -, conscious
intrapersonal vs interpersonal uses of emotion
intra: prepare body for action, influence thought, motivate behaviors; inter: facilitate behaviors in perceivers, signal nature of relationships, social referencing, etc
universalist vs constructivist
universalist = all cultures share common primordial ancestry so emotions are the same cross-culturally, constructivist = humans have adapted to different environments so emotions have evolved within specific cultures
Paul Ekman studies
people looked at a series of faces and said what emotion they thought the face was signaling, could effectively be done cross-culturally
independent vs interdependent self
north american = independent (high arousal state, enthusiastic, individualistic) east asian = interdependent (low arousal state, peaceful, community-oriented)
lifespan vs life course theories
life span is based on change and individual differences while life course is based on social expectations and normative thinking
cognitive processes of aging
fluid intelligence decreases while crystallized intelligence increases
succesful aging contributors
low-risk factors, maintenance, active engagement
5 features of emerging adulthood
identity exploration, instability, self-focused, feeling in-between, and many possibilities
drive state
an affective experience that motivates organisms to complete a goal, help us maintain homeostasis
motivation
psychological driving force that enables action in the pursuit of a goal
intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
intrinsic = motivated by process, extrinsic = motivated by achievement
deliberative vs implemental phase of self-regulation
deliberative = deciding, implemental = planning specific actions
prevention vs promotion focus
prevention = emphasizes safety, promotion = emphasizes gain
sensorimotor stage
children begin to understand the enduring reality of objects (birth-2)
preoperational reasoning stage
children can represent objects but cannot solve logical reasoning problems (3-6)
concrete operational reasoning stage
children can think logically about concrete situations but cannot understand scientific/systematic reasoning (7-11)
formal operational reasoning stage
children attain the reasoning power of mature adults (12-life)
