Exam 2

Question 1

1200 in India we see rise of Islam

Answer 1

Comes to the subcontinent in the 7th century

Question 2

Islam

Answer 2

o Founded by Prophet Muhammad 622 CE
o Trace lineage back to Abraham
o “Ibrahim’s Sacrifice” 15th century
o Muslims don’t consider Islam as a “new” religion, understand Islam as purification of Judaism/Christianity
o There is only path, belief in the one true God and in Muhammad as Gods final prophet
o Missionary work and trade went hand in hand in the spread of Islam
o Had to figure out a way to coexist in a diverse culture with many religions

Question 3

Koran

Answer 3

o Muslims holy text
o 114 chapters
o Not a narrative, or a series of stories. It is a revelation, God revealing his truth to Muhammad

Question 4

Mecca

Answer 4

o The most holy sight, most sacred place
o Where Muhammad was born and where God reveals himself to Muhammad

Question 5

Ka’ba

Answer 5

o In Mecca
o Cubical shrine believed to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael
o Built on a site that previously had been used for worshipping the earlier Gods of the Arabian people.
o Muhammad comes and cleanses it and dedicates it to the one God “Allah”
o The black stone of Ka’ba

Question 6

The black stone of Ka’ba

Answer 6

o Many theories on where it came from
o Originally white when given from heaven but has become black and red from the sin of man
o Muslims try to touch or point at the stone to get atonement for their sins
o calligraphy depictions of Muhammad

Question 7

Mosque (masjid)

Answer 7

o Place of worship for Islamic, place to pray, study or rest
o Introduced into pantheon of Indian architecture
o First is modeled after Muhammads house

Question 8

Sahn

Answer 8

Courtyard

Question 9

Mihrab

Answer 9

Niche in the middle of Qibla wall

Question 10

Minaret

Answer 10

Tower
Meant as a declaration of the supremacy of islam

Question 11

Qibla

Answer 11

Direction wall

Question 12

Minbar

Answer 12

Pulpit

Question 13

Qubba

Answer 13

Dome

Question 14

Babur (descendant of Timur and Genesis Khan)

Answer 14

Established the Mughal empire

Question 15

Mughal empire

Answer 15

o Early 16th century
o Muslim prince Babur established at Delhi “king of India”
o Mughal: “Descended from the mongols”
o Built mosques to legitimize their rule

Question 16

Akbar

Answer 16

o Stabilizes and expands empire by easing tensions between Hindus and Muslims.
o Muslims has encouraged Hindus to convert.
o Delhi Sultan were iconoclasts-destroyed Hindu temples, shrines and idols.
o Motivation was religious, a way to demonstrate power and also fear of revolution.
o Ended other policies and initiated new ones.
o Abolished Non-Muslim tax, prohibited enslavement of Hindu prisoners, married a Hindu princess.

Question 17

Din-ilahi

Answer 17

o Divine Faith
o A consolidation of all the religions practiced in his realm
o Concluded NO single religion had monopoly on the truth.
o A way to suggest a version of invoking divine rights of kings

Question 18

Badger

Answer 18

Wind catcher a Persian design to create a natural ventilation

Question 19

Persian miniature painting

Answer 19

o By the 16th centuries restrictions against figurative art was being reconsidered.
o Humayan brought back Persian painters
o Typically Persian painters not interested in conveying a totally convincing 3-D space. More intersted in brilliant color and patterning.
o Mughal court painters merged persian style with Hindu, Buddhist, Jain traditions as well as synthesizing Chinese and European technique.
o Tracings were used from collections of large number of sketches from akbar’s extensive collection of art. Akbar inspected works and handed out rewards to artists.
o Court painters were humble craftsperson’s but talented ones could earn privileged state at court.
o From the Hamzanama- a narrative about Muhammad’s uncle Hamza. Showing interior and expterior views simultaneously.
o Ughal painting has now evolved to be more ficused on naturalism. Artists has access to prints and paintings done by Flemish artists.
o Artists began using more shading and perspective combined with the Persian use of patterns and virant colors
o Multiple perspectives to reveal details in exterior and interior

Question 20

Nur Jahan

Answer 20

“Light of the world”

Question 21

Bichitr

Answer 21

o “Jahangir Seated on Aleegorical Throne” 1625 Son of Akbar
o Hindu in the service of the Islamic Monarch. Artists who rose from anonymity in the court were picked out because of their special skill in one area (portraits, calligraphy, hands)

Question 22

“Jahangir Seated on Aleegorical Throne” 1625 Son of Akbar

Answer 22

o Most Mughal painters worked in anonymity. With establishment of the British East India Company, British ambassadors and merchants become frequent visitors to the palace
o European influence in this work as well
o Hourglass- Baroque theme of time
In this painting suggests that he is above time
o Allegorical portrait with fusion of sun and moon signifying his divine rule.
o Putti- baby angels are inscribing on the hourglass the wish that he will live and reign for 1000 years.
Putti may be saying that time is running out. Jahangir became addicted to wine laced with opium
o Sufi Shaikh receiving a gift of a book. Engaging with the Shaikh implies Jahangir favors spiritual power over material power (man on top left)
o Ottoman sultan. Turkish sultan is next in the hierarchy here. Jahangir’s ancestor Timor/ Tamerlane had conquered the Turks. His dress and pose suggest he is a foreign visitor who is offered

Question 23

Shah Jahan – Taj Mahal

Answer 23

o 1648
o Accused of not continuing the tradition in painting; a tomb built for his favorite wife
o Jahangir successor
o Was theorized to be create a second Taj-Mahal in the moonlight garden out of black marble
o Later noted it was just dirty white marble and theory was incorrect

Question 24

“Pietra-Dura”

Answer 24

o Technique used in taj-mahal
o Inlaid stones

Question 25

Javab

Answer 25

(Echo) balances out the structures

Question 26

Mehtab bagh

Answer 26

The moonlight garden

Question 27

Mumtaz mahal

Answer 27

Favorite wife of Shah Jahan, built taj-mahal for her

Question 28

“Char-bah” Garden

Answer 28

o “Akbars tomb South Gate” sikandra ca. 16 (center of the gardens)
o 4 part garden divided by water channels

Question 29

Ahmad lahawri

Answer 29

Designer of the taj-mahal

Question 30

Jean baptiste tavernier

Answer 30

Produced the theory of the second tomb
Gem merchant

Question 31

“Five Pillars of Islam”:

Answer 31

1)Profession of Faith
“There is no God but God and Muhammad is his messenger”
2) Prayer
5 times a day – can be done anywhere – private or in a mosque, kneeling in direction towards Mecca.
3) Alms
Giving to the less fortunate.
4) Fasting
During holy month of Ramadan
5) Pilgrimage (hajj)
Traveling to Mecca in person.

Question 32

Islamic religious art rejects figuration.

Answer 32

o Muhammad depicted in aniconic fashion.
o Secular art allows figuration.
o Islamic art uses geometric patterns, arabesques, organic motifs and calligraphy.

Question 33

Taj Mahal - Monument to Mumtaz Mahal or Tomb for Shah Jahan as well? Was there going to be a second separate tomb?

Answer 33

Jean Baptist Tavernier theorized that there would be a second tomb built for himself identical to the taj-mahal which was dedicated to Shah Jahns wife, mumtaz mahal. The difference it that It would have been made out of black marble instead of Waite. This was the idea because they found a platform of what they thought was black marble to start the temple but was actually white marble that was discolored.

Question 34

Portuguese in India

Answer 34

Establish a presence in 16th century in Goa. Take control of Indian ocean trade. Introduce Catholicism to India.
o “Market of Goa” c.1596
The 16th and 17th century were a “Golden Age”. At its peak Goa was a flourishing global metropolis referred to in Europe as the “Rome of the East”.

Question 35

Portuguese architecture

Answer 35

o Much like other Portuguese cities in India- Defensive wall, fort (residence for the regional governor), bazaars, housing for residents
“Portuguese Nobleman”
o During first two centuries of Portuguese rule the architecture will follow European models with some Indian (Hindu) embellishments.

Question 36

Slavery in Goa. The Portuguese used African and Indian slave labor

Answer 36

o There was a debate whether slavery existed in ancient India. There were no slave markets however there were other forms of bondage.
o Africans came into India as early as the 7th century- nit as slaves but as merchants, sailors, artisans, traders and fisherman.
o Islamic rulers of India used slaves for labor and in military campaigns.
o During the Mughal empire slavery was greatly reduced in scope and was mostly limited to domestic servitude.
o The British tried to keep records of the slave trade in the territories where the East India Company becomes entrenched.

Question 37

Malik Ambar

Answer 37

o Amber was born in Ethiopia, became a slave and was sold to the chief minster of Ahmadabad. Was freed when owner died and went on to become de-facto king.
o “Malik Ambar tomb”

Question 38

The Church of our Lady of the Rosary” 1543

Answer 38

o Built by the Portuguese and follow British Christian styles, oldest still standing
o Interiors would have icons of Christ, Virgin Mary other Saints. Intent was to create a divine space that would shelter, teach
o Built outside the city center so it wasn’t modernized

Question 39

“St. Francis Xavier”

Answer 39

• Along with St. Ignatius of Loyola founds the order of the society of Jesus (The Jesuits). Will lead missionary to Goa and elsewhere in Asia.
• Xavier requests the aid of the Portuguese Inquisition in 1560.