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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A persons awarreness of everything that is going on around thrm at any given time

A

Consciousness

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2
Q

Describe the normal state of consciousness and give an example

A

The normal State of consciousness is waking conscious, where thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized and the person feels alert (ex; in class)

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3
Q

Describe the altered state of consciousness and give an example

A

The altered state is when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking conscious (ex; under the influence)

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4
Q

How many hours of sleep do newborns need

A

16

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5
Q

What age group needs about 9 hours of sleep

A

Adolescent and college students

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6
Q

What kind of waves occur when you are awake

A

Alpha and beta waves

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7
Q

Describe stage 1 of the sleep cycle

A

(5-10 mins/cycle)
§ Theta waves
§ Hypnagogic imagery
§ Myoclonic jerks

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8
Q

(10-30 mins/ cycle)
§ Sleep spindles and k-complexes
§ As much as 65% of total sleep
Are chacteristics of what stage of sleep

A

Stage 2

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9
Q

Describe stage 3 of sleep

A

(15-30 mins/cycle)
§ Delta waves
§ Crucial to feel rested; suppressed by alcohol
§ 40 % of sleep in children; 25% in adults

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10
Q

What is REM sleep

A

o Rapid eye movement (rem) sleep
o Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids
o dreaming

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11
Q

What are the characteriscs of the rem sleep potion in the sleep cycle

A

REM sleep (10-20 mins/cycle)
§ Brain activity similar to wakefulness
§ Becomes longer as the night goes on

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12
Q

what is the difference between nightmares and night terrors

A

o The difference between nightmares and night terrors are that nightmares happens when you are in the REM stage and have a bad dream. Night terrors are rare and usually happen in children, they come with extreme fear and screaming, the person isn’t fully awake and it happens in deep sleep

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13
Q

What are some symptoms you can experience when you are sleep deprived

A

o Fatigue
o Impaired concentration
o Immune suppression
o Irritability
o Slowed performance
o Accidents

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14
Q

What is the name of the theory that explains why we sleep

A

Restorative theory

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15
Q

Explain restorative theory

A

Sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

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16
Q

What does the fulfillment theory explain

A

Why we dream

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17
Q

Explain fulfillment theory

A

Dreams preserve our sanity by allowing us to gratify forbidden or unrealistic wishes
· Dream material may be so threating or disgusting that it was disguised in dreams
· Manifest content- dream content
· Latent content- dreams true meaning

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18
Q

What does activation synthesis explain

A

Why we dream

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19
Q

Describe activation synthesis

A

· Dreaming is an unimportant by product of RANDOM stimulation of brain cells
· Cerebral cortex tries to make sense of this random stimulation
o Results in a fragmented story

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20
Q

What does information processing explain

A

Why we dream

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21
Q

Describe information processing theory

A

· Dreams help us shift through memories of our everyday thoughts and experiences
· Mental housecleaning

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22
Q

A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24 hour period

A

Circadian rhythms

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23
Q

How are circadian rhythms relayed to our sleep cycle

A

o disruptions of circadian rhythms can cause numerous health issues

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24
Q

Problems falling asleep, staying asleep, getting quality sleep

A

Insomnia

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25
Q

Multiple burst of not breathing

A

Sleep apnea

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26
Q

Sleep “seizure”, sudden slip into REM sleep

A

Narcolepsy

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27
Q

What is hypnosis

A

a trance like state
Great concentration
High suggestibility
Reduced response to outside stimuli

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28
Q

Who created hypnosis and what was their goal

A

Made Franz
Goal was to restore the balance of universal fluids within his patients
Used large magnets and iron rods
Can’t be used to recall forgotten things
Just about anyone can experience it
Can’t force people against their will
Can be therapeutic

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29
Q

What are the two types of hypnosis

A

Dissociation theory: divided consciousness & Social cognitive theory

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30
Q

Hypnosis works on the immediate, conscious mind
A hidden observer remains aware(driving home and not remembering)

A

Dissociation theory

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31
Q

People are playing the role expected of them in the situation
People may not be aware that they are pretending

A

Social cognitive theory

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32
Q

What are practical uses for hypnosis

A

Used to treat pain, habit disorders, obesity anxiety

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33
Q

When people use drugs for the wrong reasons

A

Substance abuse

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34
Q

Two types of drug dependence

A

Physical and psychological

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35
Q

A physiological need
Tolerance
Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

A

Physical dependence

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36
Q

A psychological need
Continued because they think they need it

A

Psychological dependence

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37
Q

Define tolerance

A

reduced reaction to drugs due to its repeated use

38
Q

Define withdrawal

A

when you cut back or stop the drug sometimes it comes with symptoms

39
Q

-Increase heart rate and breathing rates, and other autonomic functions to provide energy
-Inhaled into the lungs then enters the blood stream
7-19 seconds after inhaled it enters the brain
-Withdrawal
Depression, insomnia, irritability, anxiety. Problems concentrating, increased appetite
Withdrawal
Depression, insomnia, irritability, anxiety. Problems concentrating, increased appetite

A

Nicotine

40
Q

Natural drug (coca plant)
Effects
euphoria , energy, power, pleasure

A

Cocaine

41
Q

Define learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
The ability to modify future behavior as a result of past experience is adaptive

42
Q

A learning process where two stimuli are repeatedly paired together, usually a neutral stimuli and a positive

A

Classical conditioning

43
Q

Who discovered classical conditioning

A

Ivan pavlov

44
Q

A stimulus that leads to an automatic response like dog food to a dog

A

Unconditioned stimulis

45
Q

An automatic response to a stimulus like the dog salivating for the food

A

Unconditioned response

46
Q

Example the bell for the dog letting him know that food was coming

A

Conditioned stimulus

47
Q

An automatic response to the conditioned stimulus after training

A

Conditioned response

48
Q

Explain the relationship between extinction and spontaneous recovery

A

Extinction occurs when the previous behavior fades,and spontaneous recovery occurs when a kid cries for a toy knowing thy will get it and spontaneous recovery occurs because of the reaction to the conditioned stimulus

49
Q

Discuss the little Albert study

A

The experiment was when they introduced the baby to a rat (neutral stim) with no response but they made a loud noise (unconditioned stim) which resulted in a unconditioned response, crying. So thy were then introduced at the same time during conditioning, and after the baby cries because of the rat when its alone

50
Q

any negative emotional response, typically fear or anxiety, that becomes associated with a neutral stimulus as a result of classical conditioning

A

A conditioned emotional response

51
Q

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

A

Operant conditioning

52
Q

How was operant conditioning discovered and by whom?

A

it was discovered by B.F. SKinner and he developed this by experimenting on animals in his Skinner box

53
Q

What are the differences between positive and negative reinforcement

A

Production of a stimulus (positive reinforcement) always involves escape from a situation (negative reinforcement) in which the stimulus was absent; removal of a stimulus (negative reinforcement) always involves production of a situation (positive reinforcement) in which the stimulus is absent.

54
Q

The ______ _____ schedule id the most resistant to extinction

A

Variable ratio

55
Q

presents the reinforcer after every performance of the desired behavior

A

Continuous reinforcement

56
Q

the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior.

A

Partial reinforcement

57
Q

Provides a reward at constant times

A

Provides a reward at consistent times

58
Q

Reinforcement of a target behavior after an interval of time has passed

A

Variable interval schedule

59
Q

using a constant number of responses

A

Fixed ratio schedule

60
Q

Partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

A

Variable ratio schedule

61
Q

How does punishment differ from reinforcement?

A

negative reinforcement involves the removal of a negative condition to strengthen a behavior. Punishment involves either presenting or taking away a stimulus to weaken a behavior

62
Q

What are some risk associated with punishment

A

lying, sneaking, anger, outright rebellion, depression, aggression, addictions

63
Q

using a target like a dolphin tapping his nose on the target to get food is an example of what

A

Shaping

64
Q

Learning new behavior by watching someone else perform that behavior

A

Observational learning

65
Q

Summarize the findings from banduras study

A

children are able to learn through the observation of adult behavior

66
Q

the retention of information over time
Our memories are surprisingly good in some situations and bad in others

A

Memory

67
Q

3 main divisions of memory

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

68
Q

(putting it in)
Converting sensory information into a form that is usable in the brains shortage systems

A

Encoding

69
Q

(keeping it in)
Holding onto information for some period of time

A

Storage

70
Q

(getting it out)
Using information in storage

A

Retrevial

71
Q

the very first system in memory, in which raw information from the senses is help for a very brief period of time

A

Sensory memory

72
Q

Who studied sensory memory

A

George spelling

73
Q

What size capacity does sensory memory have

A

Large capacity

74
Q

How long is the information available for sensory memory

A

Up to 3 seconds

75
Q

the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

A

Short term memory

76
Q

How do short term memory and working memory differ

A

The short-term memory stores information for a few seconds, while the working memory processes and structures the information for a short time

77
Q

What role does selective attention play in the processing of information?

A

Allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information.

78
Q

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

A

Long term memory

79
Q

What kind of capacity does long term memory have

A

Unlimited

80
Q

a person’s episodic memory for a crime or other witnessed dramatic event

A

Eye witness memory

81
Q

Facts, general knowledge memory

A

Semantic

82
Q

Events experience by a person memory

A

Episodic

83
Q

Explicit memory

A

Declarative

84
Q

Motor skills, habits, classically conditioned reflexes memory

A

Procedural (implicit)

85
Q

The difference between semantic and episodic memory

A

Semantic memory is recall of general facts, while episodic memory is recall of personal facts

86
Q

What role does the hippocampus play in memory

A

The hippocampus play a very important role in our ability to form new memories

87
Q

What causes anterograde amnesia

A

The lack or damage to the hippocampus

88
Q

Helping us retrieve an intention from our prospective memory, which is responsible for remembering things that we need to do.

A

The role of cues in memory

89
Q

What are the two types of encoding specificity

A

Maintenance rehersal and elaborative

90
Q

Repeating a word over and over
Information is active in STM/WM, but may not transfer to LTM

A

Maintenance rehearsal

91
Q

Connects info to prior knowledge
Information is active in STM/WM, and is likely to transfer to LTM

A

Elaborative rehearsal

92
Q

How does “normal” forgetting occur from long-term memory?

A

encoding failure, didn’t seem important

Psych (2 decks)

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