Exam 2

Question 1

QRS complex phase

Answer 1

Represents ventricular depolarization

Question 2

P wave phase

Answer 2

Atrial depolarization

Question 3

T wave

Answer 3

Ventricular repolarization

Question 4

Q wave

Answer 4

The first downward wave of the QRS complex

Question 5

S wave

Answer 5

Negative deflection following the R wave

Question 6

R wave

Answer 6

Initial positive deflection

Question 7

Infant frontals

Anterior frontal

Answer 7

Soft spot on top of infants head (open at birth)

Question 8

Infant frontals

Posterior fontanel

Answer 8

Closes by 1 to 2 months

Question 9

Acromegaly

Answer 9

Elongated head
Massive face
Overgrowth of nose
Heavy eyebrow ridge

Question 10

Exophthalmos

Answer 10

Bulging eyes

Question 11

Myxedema

Answer 11

Severely advanced hypothyroidism

Question 12

Cachexia

Answer 12

Sunken eyes, hallow cheeks, wasting disorder in cancer, extreme weight loss

Question 13

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 13

Swollen lymph nodes

Question 14

Lymph nodes

Preauricular
Posterior auricular
Occipital
Submental
Submandibular

Answer 14

Preauricular: in front of ear
Posterior auricular: (‘mastoid) superficial to the mastoid process
Occipital : at base of skull
Submental: midline, behind tip of mandible
Submandibular: halfway between angle and tip of mandible

Question 15

Confrontation test for eyes

Answer 15

Measure of peripheral vision

Question 16

Corneal light reflex for eye test

Answer 16

Asses parallel alignment of eye axes by shining light towards the persons eye

Question 17

Abnormal findings for eye test

Esotropia
Exotropia
Hypotropia
Hypertropia

Answer 17

Esotropia: eye turns inward
Exotropia : eye turn outward
Hypotropia : eye turns downwards
Hypertropia: eye turns upwards

Question 18

Ear

Normal tympanic membrane
Abnormal tympanic membrane

Answer 18

Shiny, translucent with a pearl gray color

Retract drum, perforation, scarred drum

Question 19

Types of hearing loss

Conductive
Sensorineural
Mixed hearing loss

Answer 19

Conductive : mechanical dysfunction or external of middle ear (partial loss)
Sensorineural : pathology of inner ear, CN VIII, or cerebral cortex
Mixed hearing loss

Question 20

Vertigo
Tinnitus
Epistaxis
Rhinorrhea
Dysphagia
Xerostomia

Answer 20

Vertigo: affects balance, dizziness, spinning sensation
Tinnitus: buzzing, ringing in ears
Epistaxis: nose bleed
Rhinorrhea: runny nose
Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing
Xerostomia: dry mouth

Question 21

What position is best for breast exam

Answer 21

Suspine

Question 22

What pattern is recommended to detect breast masses

Answer 22

Vertical strip pattern

Question 23

Respiratory and lung

Hypercapnia
Hypoxemia

Answer 23

Hypercapnia: increase in carbon dioxide in blood
Hypoxemia: decrease of oxygen in blood

Question 24

Pleurae
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Acinus

Answer 24

Pleurae: slippery membrane between lungs/chest
Pleural cavity: holds lungs
Visceral pleura: lines outside of lungs
Parietal pleura: lines chest cavity
Acinus: functional unit, consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, holds all materials for gas exchange

Question 25

Types of sounds and where they’re heard Bronchial Bronchovesicular Vesicular

Answer 25

Bronchial: adults / older children. Heard over 2nd/3rd intercostal spaces, sounds are tubular/ hallow (abnormal) Bronchovesicular: heard over trachea as person breathes out, sounds are soft, low pitched (abnormal) Vesicular: heard over most of chest (normal)

Question 26

Crepitus Atelectatic crackles Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Answer 26

Crepitus: abnormal course crackling sensation over skin surface( grating sound by friction between bone and cartilage) Atelectatic crackles: short, popping, crackling sounds that don’t last beyond a few breathes (lung collapse) Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea : shortness of breath, wake up gasping for air

Question 27

Cardiac Pericardium Myocardium Endocardium Base of heart Apex of heart Bundle of branches

Answer 27

Pericardium: tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds/ protects the heart Myocardium: muscular wall of heart Endocardium: thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines inner surface of heart chambers/ valves Base of heart: 2nd intercostal space, top of heart Apex of heart: bottom of heart Bundle of branches : causes contraction of the heart

Question 28

*4 valves in heart* 2 atrioventricular 2 semilunar

Answer 28

2 atrioventricular (AV valves) : opens during hearts filling phase; diastole, closes during pumping phase; systolic —tricuspid valve: right AV —bicuspid valve: left AV 2 semilunar (SL valves): —pulmonic valve: SL in right side of heart —aortic valve: SL valve in left side of heart

Question 29

Circulation of blood through heart

Answer 29

Superior vena cava/inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve (AV) Right ventricle Pulmonary valve (SL) Pulmonary artery Lungs ( gets oxygenated) Pulmonary vein Left atrium Bicuspid valve (AV) Left ventricle Aortic valve (SL) Aorta Rest. Of body

Question 30

Heart sounds S1 S2 S3 S4

Answer 30

S1: AV VALVES, bicuspid (mitral) / tricuspid, signals beginning of systole, loudest at the apex, coincides with carotid pulse S2: SL valves, aortic/ pulmonic, closure of semilunar, loudest at base S3: “Kentucky” occurs when ventricles are resistant to filling during early rapid filling phase S4: “Tennessee” occurs at end of diastole, resistant to filling, occurs before S1