Exam 2 Flashcards by Natalie Reader

Definitive Host

Host where parasite reaches sexual maturity

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Intermediate host

required stage for parasite morphological change

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Paratenic host

required stage with no morphological change in parasite, bridges trophic gap

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Polyembryony

Hundred of stem cells in rediae (asexual reproduction)

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Residual Effects

long lasting effects of infection

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Altruism

behavior of an animal that benefits another at its own expense, metacercariae will sacrifice itself and not reproduce and doesnt encyst then migrates to the brain which changes behavior of the ant (zombie ant)

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Bronchial escalator

Objects/parasites stuck in the bronchials and moved up through cilia

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Hyperparasitism

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Littoral Zone

Portion of water closest to the shore, sun is able to reach the bottom

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Hypolimnion

Bottom of body of water, more O2 concentration

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Thermocline

2nd layer of water which is colder and more O2 concentration

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Cultural Eutrophication

occurs when human water pollution speeds up the aging process by introducing sewage, detergents, fertilizers, and other nutrient sources into the ecosystem, example: japan rice fields, changes to horses instead of cows

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Prevalence

% of infected hosts

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Intensity

of worms per infected host

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Abundance

of parasites/ # of hosts

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Auto-infection

Transfer of life cycle stage from one site to another in the same host accompanied by morphological change

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Autogenic life cycle

all host restricted to single body of water (fish)

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Allogenic life cycle

@ least one host can move between bodies of water (frog)

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Hot spot

high biodiversity

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Gynecophoric canal

groove where females attach in males (Strigeiformes)

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Schistosomula

Cercariae lose tail instead of encysting in the blood stream (Schistosomatidae)

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Delayed hypersensitivity

Immune system attacks SEA, allows egg to escape vessel, makes it easier to get rid of egg if moved into the intestine into feces

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Soluble egg antigen

activate T cells and immune response, toxic for parasite, stimulates TNF release

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TNF-a

Tumor necrosis factor

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Concomitant immunity

prevents hyper infection, host attacks parasite, host attacks incoming cercariae

Granuloma

Cluster of WBC's, muscle contraction in intestine/bladder, move eggs, released in feces or urine

Katayama fever

fever in response to schistosomatidae species, acute schistosomiasis, happens when SEA is released

Swimmers itch

Cercavial dermatitis (schistosomatidae)

Neascus

U. ambloplitis, encyst and cause immune response to encapsulate, black spot disease,

Trans-mammilary transfer

Infection through breast milk, mother to child

Mesocercaria

Free swimming cercariae without tail, inside a paratenic host and leads to a multiple possible next host

Diplostomum

"two mouth" flatworms, holostomes split body flukes

The dilution effect

increased biodiversity decrease disease risk

Trematode oral sucker

help attach to host tissue

Trematode pharynx and esophogus

digestive system

Trematode vitellaria

contain yolk protein which is nutrients for embryo, egg shell protein, form hardened shell around egg

Trematode ovary

ova produced and moves to oviduct

Trematode excretory bladder

flame cells/stem cells

Trematode testes

sperm live there and cirrus sac

Trematode gonopore

eggs pushed out

Trematode life cycle

Adult Egg Miracidia sporocyst/rediae cercaria metacercaria

Monostome

one sucker

amphistome

suckers on opposite ends

gasterostome

oxhead cercariae, ventral and posterior suckers

leptocercous

thin tailed

pleurolophocercous

simple tail with fin fold

furcocercous

forked tail

microcercous

micro tail

echinostome

spiny mouth

cystopherous

trigger tail

xiphidio

stylet

opthalmo

eye spots

Why do trematodes have complex life cycles?

utilize trophic and spacial dynamics to maximize transmission success 1) natural trophic and spatial dynamics 2) residual effects 3) manipulate host behaviors to ensure transmission

Eutrophication

natural process of physical and biological succession, induced by nutrient loading (NPK)

Epilimnion

Warmer top portion of water

Oligotrophic lake

Low productivity low nutrient loading high species diversity low pop. density cold water fisheries

Eutrophic lakes

high productivity high nutrient loading low species diversity high pop density no cold water fisheries no O2 in hypolimnion

Natural eutrophication

slow nutrient accumulation cyclical

Gull study lake

long term study, parasitism in mayflies increased in first 10 years, papillae flukes (C.cooperi), metacercariae in mayfly, lake underwent eutrophication due to faulty septic tanks and fertilizer run off

Echinostoma auto infection

cercariae reinfect snails instead of continuing cycle

S.mansoni geographic region

old and new world

S.Japonicum geographic region

china/SE asia

S. haematobium

Africa

S.mansoni egg morphology

lateral spine

S.japonicum egg morphology

no spine or little one

S.haematobium egg morphology

spine out of the end of egg

S.mansoni snail spp

Biomphalraia

S.japonicum snail spp

Oncomelina

S. Haematobium snail spp

Bulinus

S.mansoni infection site

inferior mesenteric vessels/Large intestine, feces

S.japonicum infection site

superior mesenteric vessels/ small intestine, feces

S.haematobium infection site

Urinary bladder, exited through urine

S.Japonicum eradication

Use of night soil (human waste, treated w caustic lime, switched from cows to horses, cemented ditches around fields, NaPCP to kill snails

a-male size, diet, reproduction

large and colorful arachnids, arthropods Court females with nest building and parental care

B-male size, diet , reproduction

Small and resemble females anthropods sneak mating, mimicry

Which male fish recruit more strigeid parasites?

a-males , size increase so does parasite infection

a-male spawning effects

mature in 7 years, induces parasite pick up

B-male spawning effect

mature in 2-3 years, lifespan shorter

Yellow grub

C.marginatum, on fin

Black grub

U. ambloplitis,

White grub

P. minimum

Green sunfish

Close to shore Torpedo body shape Ambush predators Insects, crayfish, fish

Blue sunfish characteristics

deep water Broad body Grazer cause increase infection Insects, molluscs, algae, arachnids

Striged infection in sun fish

More infection in bluegill fish due to feeding patterns

Blue sunfish infection sites

Liver, kidney, heart

Green sunfish infection sites

liver