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PSIO 465 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered Ach

A

Loewi

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2
Q

Quantal Transmission

A

NT releases in fixed amounts to created a certain amount of depolarization

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3
Q

Change in voltage per 1 channel opened

A

0.25 x 10^-3 mV

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4
Q

Change in voltage per quanta

A

0.5 mV

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5
Q

How many ligand gated channels are opened by 1 quantum of NT?

A

2000 ch/q

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6
Q

Direct transmission

A
  • Channel and receptor are together
  • Ionotropic
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7
Q

Indirect transmission

A
  • Receptor and channels are separate
  • Metabotropic
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8
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) are permeable to what?

A

Na and K

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9
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) are permeable to what?

A

Cl

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10
Q

ACh receptor

A

nicotinic

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11
Q

ACh ions

A

Na and K

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12
Q

Action of ACh

A

excitatory

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13
Q

Where are ACh receptors found

A

NMJ or CNS/ANS

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14
Q

Glutamate receptors

A

AMPA and NMDA

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15
Q

Glutamate ions in AMPA

A

Na and K

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16
Q

Main excitatory synaptic system in the CNS

A

Glutamate at AMPA

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17
Q

Glutamate ions in NMDA

A

Na, K, and Ca

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18
Q

Can NMDA and AMPA receptors be together on the same synapse?

A

Yes

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19
Q

How do you open NMDA receptors?

A

They are both voltage and ligand gated

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20
Q

Which neurotransmitter is important for learning and memory?

A

Glutamate

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21
Q

GABA receptor

A

GABA-A

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22
Q

GABA receptor ions

A

Cl

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23
Q

Are GABA receptors excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

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24
Q

Main inhibitory synapse in CNS

A

GABA

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25
Q

Glycine receptor

A

glycine

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26
Q

Glycine receptor ions

A

Cl

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27
Q

NT receptors found in spinal cord

A

Glycine

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28
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

Neurons that fire together wire together

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29
Q

Molecular coincidence detector

A

NMDA receptor

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30
Q

Indicator of activity in presynaptic neuron

A

Binding of glutamate

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31
Q

Indicator of activity in postsynaptic neuron

A

Substantial membrane depolarization

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32
Q

Temporal summation

A

Displaced EPSPs (changes in postsynaptic potential) stack in order to reach threshold

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33
Q

Spatial summation

A

Adding EPSPs (changes in postsynaptic potential) occurring at the same time but in different places in order to reach potential

34
Q

Synaptic integration

A

Spatial and temporal summation of many synaptic inputs to drive the membrane potential towards and above threshold

35
Q

4 main types of receptor neurons

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Photoreceptors
  4. Thermoreceptors
36
Q

Which receptor senses pressure/stretch?

A

Mechanoreceptor

37
Q

Which receptor senses chemicals?

A

Chemoreceptors

38
Q

Which receptor senses light?

A

Photoreceptors

39
Q

Which receptor senses temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

40
Q

Tactile

A

touch

41
Q

Thermoceptive

A

temperature

42
Q

Niciceptive

A

pain

43
Q

Propioceptive

A

self/position

44
Q

Sensory transduction

A

Transmits a physical signal to a biological signal through a sensory receptor neuron

45
Q

Where does signaling start in a primary sensory neuron?

A

Terminal/end organ

46
Q

Once a receptor potential passes threshold…

A

It becomes an action potential down the spike initiating zone

47
Q

What does the accessory structure of a primary sensory neuron do?

A

Suppress certain features of the signal and/or enhance other features

48
Q

Spike frequency adaption

A

In response to sustained constant stimulus the neuron doesn’t generate constant APs

49
Q

Slow adaption (spike frequency)

A

Slowly decreases APs from start to stop of stimulus

50
Q

Rapidly adapting (spike frequency)

A

Only sends APs at beginning and end of stimulus or when signal changes

51
Q

Causes of slow/rapid adaption

A
  1. Channels inactivate during stimulus
  2. Activation of K channels
  3. Accessory structure
52
Q

Sensation

A

Basic recognition that a stimulus has been applied

53
Q

Reception

A

Involves integration and interpretation of multiple sensations (may involve memory)

54
Q

Dimensions of sensation

A
  1. Modality (type)
  2. Localization (where)
  3. Intensity (strength)
55
Q

Labeled line theory

A

Different types of stimuli selectively activate specific receptors –> activity is processed along separate pathways

56
Q

Pattern theory

A

An individual pathway can convey information about multiple modalities based on the pattern of APs

57
Q

Topographic organization

A

Systematic mapping of body parts in portions of the brain

58
Q

Receptive field

A

Location at which a stimulus causes a location to fire

59
Q

Overlap

A

Allows for a better (unique) understanding of stimulus identification

60
Q

Divergence

A

Taking information and sending the same information to multiple branches –> same amount of IMPS

61
Q

Convergence

A

Multiple inputs merge into a higher order neuron

62
Q

Acuity

A

How precisely one can identify where a stimulus has been diverged

63
Q

Type 1 muscle receptors

A

proprioceptors

64
Q

Type 2 muscle receptors

A

tactile

65
Q

Type 3 muscle receptors

A

pain/temp

66
Q

Type 4 muscle receptors

A

pain/temp

67
Q

Meissner corpuscle

A
  1. Reside near skin margin
  2. Small receptive fields
  3. Rapidly adapting
  4. Texture
  5. A Beta type axon
68
Q

Merkel discs

A
  1. Reside near skin margin
  2. Small receptive fields
  3. Slowly adapting
  4. Awareness of touch pressure
  5. A Beta axon
69
Q

Ruffini ending

A
  1. Deeper in skin
  2. Large receptive field
  3. Slowly adapting
  4. Skin stretch
  5. A Beta axon
70
Q

Paciniam corpuscles

A
  1. Very deep
  2. Large receptive fields
  3. Fast adapting
  4. Detect vibration
  5. A Beta axon
71
Q

Cold thermoreceptor axon type

A

A delta

72
Q

Warm thermoreceptor axon type

A

C

73
Q

Thermal neutral

A

Neither warm nor cold temperature (about 32 c)

74
Q

First pain

A

Sharp, stabbing, intense, imediate pain
A delta axon

75
Q

Second pain

A

Dull, achy, persistent pain
C-fiber axons

76
Q

Caudal

A

Down spinal cord

77
Q

Rostral

A

Towards nose on brain level

78
Q

Ventral spinal cord

A

Forward

79
Q

Dorsal brain

A

Upwards

80
Q

Ventral brain

A

Towards jaw

PSIO 465 (1 decks)

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