Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Who discovered Ach
A
Loewi
2
Q
Quantal Transmission
A
NT releases in fixed amounts to created a certain amount of depolarization
3
Q
Change in voltage per 1 channel opened
A
0.25 x 10^-3 mV
4
Q
Change in voltage per quanta
A
0.5 mV
5
Q
How many ligand gated channels are opened by 1 quantum of NT?
A
2000 ch/q
6
Q
Direct transmission
A
- Channel and receptor are together
- Ionotropic
7
Q
Indirect transmission
A
- Receptor and channels are separate
- Metabotropic
8
Q
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) are permeable to what?
A
Na and K
9
Q
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) are permeable to what?
A
Cl
10
Q
ACh receptor
A
nicotinic
11
Q
ACh ions
A
Na and K
12
Q
Action of ACh
A
excitatory
13
Q
Where are ACh receptors found
A
NMJ or CNS/ANS
14
Q
Glutamate receptors
A
AMPA and NMDA
15
Q
Glutamate ions in AMPA
A
Na and K
16
Q
Main excitatory synaptic system in the CNS
A
Glutamate at AMPA
17
Q
Glutamate ions in NMDA
A
Na, K, and Ca
18
Q
Can NMDA and AMPA receptors be together on the same synapse?
A
Yes
19
Q
How do you open NMDA receptors?
A
They are both voltage and ligand gated
20
Q
Which neurotransmitter is important for learning and memory?
A
Glutamate
21
Q
GABA receptor
A
GABA-A
22
Q
GABA receptor ions
A
Cl
23
Q
Are GABA receptors excitatory or inhibitory?
A
Inhibitory
24
Q
Main inhibitory synapse in CNS
A
GABA
25
Glycine receptor
glycine
26
Glycine receptor ions
Cl
27
NT receptors found in spinal cord
Glycine
28
Synaptic plasticity
Neurons that fire together wire together
29
Molecular coincidence detector
NMDA receptor
30
Indicator of activity in presynaptic neuron
Binding of glutamate
31
Indicator of activity in postsynaptic neuron
Substantial membrane depolarization
32
Temporal summation
Displaced EPSPs (changes in postsynaptic potential) stack in order to reach threshold
33
Spatial summation
Adding EPSPs (changes in postsynaptic potential) occurring at the same time but in different places in order to reach potential
34
Synaptic integration
Spatial and temporal summation of many synaptic inputs to drive the membrane potential towards and above threshold
35
4 main types of receptor neurons
1. Mechanoreceptors
2. Chemoreceptors
3. Photoreceptors
4. Thermoreceptors
36
Which receptor senses pressure/stretch?
Mechanoreceptor
37
Which receptor senses chemicals?
Chemoreceptors
38
Which receptor senses light?
Photoreceptors
39
Which receptor senses temperature?
Thermoreceptors
40
Tactile
touch
41
Thermoceptive
temperature
42
Niciceptive
pain
43
Propioceptive
self/position
44
Sensory transduction
Transmits a physical signal to a biological signal through a sensory receptor neuron
45
Where does signaling start in a primary sensory neuron?
Terminal/end organ
46
Once a receptor potential passes threshold...
It becomes an action potential down the spike initiating zone
47
What does the accessory structure of a primary sensory neuron do?
Suppress certain features of the signal and/or enhance other features
48
Spike frequency adaption
In response to sustained constant stimulus the neuron doesn't generate constant APs
49
Slow adaption (spike frequency)
Slowly decreases APs from start to stop of stimulus
50
Rapidly adapting (spike frequency)
Only sends APs at beginning and end of stimulus or when signal changes
51
Causes of slow/rapid adaption
1. Channels inactivate during stimulus
2. Activation of K channels
3. Accessory structure
52
Sensation
Basic recognition that a stimulus has been applied
53
Reception
Involves integration and interpretation of multiple sensations (may involve memory)
54
Dimensions of sensation
1. Modality (type)
2. Localization (where)
3. Intensity (strength)
55
Labeled line theory
Different types of stimuli selectively activate specific receptors --> activity is processed along separate pathways
56
Pattern theory
An individual pathway can convey information about multiple modalities based on the pattern of APs
57
Topographic organization
Systematic mapping of body parts in portions of the brain
58
Receptive field
Location at which a stimulus causes a location to fire
59
Overlap
Allows for a better (unique) understanding of stimulus identification
60
Divergence
Taking information and sending the same information to multiple branches --> same amount of IMPS
61
Convergence
Multiple inputs merge into a higher order neuron
62
Acuity
How precisely one can identify where a stimulus has been diverged
63
Type 1 muscle receptors
proprioceptors
64
Type 2 muscle receptors
tactile
65
Type 3 muscle receptors
pain/temp
66
Type 4 muscle receptors
pain/temp
67
Meissner corpuscle
1. Reside near skin margin
2. Small receptive fields
3. Rapidly adapting
4. Texture
5. A Beta type axon
68
Merkel discs
1. Reside near skin margin
2. Small receptive fields
3. Slowly adapting
4. Awareness of touch pressure
5. A Beta axon
69
Ruffini ending
1. Deeper in skin
2. Large receptive field
3. Slowly adapting
4. Skin stretch
5. A Beta axon
70
Paciniam corpuscles
1. Very deep
2. Large receptive fields
3. Fast adapting
4. Detect vibration
5. A Beta axon
71
Cold thermoreceptor axon type
A delta
72
Warm thermoreceptor axon type
C
73
Thermal neutral
Neither warm nor cold temperature (about 32 c)
74
First pain
Sharp, stabbing, intense, imediate pain
A delta axon
75
Second pain
Dull, achy, persistent pain
C-fiber axons
76
Caudal
Down spinal cord
77
Rostral
Towards nose on brain level
78
Ventral spinal cord
Forward
79
Dorsal brain
Upwards
80
Ventral brain
Towards jaw
