Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the taxonomic name for all seed plants?
A
spermatophytes
2
Q
What is the dominant generation of seed plants?
A
Sporophyte
3
Q
Where are male gametophyte found in seed plants?
A
in pollen made by microsporangia of anthers
4
Q
What is the taxonomic name for all ferns?
A
Monilophytes
5
Q
What is the taxonimic name for mosses?
A
Bryophytes
6
Q
What taxonomic groups need to have a moist environment for reproduction?
A
Bryophytes (non vascular plants) and seedless vascular plants
7
Q
What is the plant reproductive structure that contains an unfertilized egg and an integument that was derived from the parent plant?
A
Ovary
8
Q
What is the plant reproductive structure that contains a fertilized egg and the integument that was derived from the parent plant?
A
Seed
9
Q
Is a flower a type of shoot?
A
Yes
10
Q
Is a hickory nut a fruit?
A
Yes
11
Q
Is a strawberry a fruit?
A
Yes
12
Q
What do the 2 sperm do in a pollen grain (long answer)?
A
In an angiosperm (flowering plant), 1 sperm fertilizes the egg and the other fertilizes the central cell. The egg cell becomes an embryo and the central cells becomes the endosperm (nutrition for the embryo).
13
Q
What are characteristics of monocots?
A
- one seed leaf
- scattered vascular bundles
- parallel leaf veins
- has spores
- has cotyledons
- has seeds
- has fruit
- seed enclosed in chamber
14
Q
what are the characteristics of eudicots/dicots?
A
- two seed leaves
- vascular bundles arranged in a circle
- branching leaf veins
- has spores
- has cotyledons
- has seeds
- has fruit
- seed enclosed in chamber
15
Q
What are cotyledons?
A
a leaf within embryo of seed
16
Q
What are the 2 types of angiosperms
A
Monocots and eudicots/dicots
17
Q
Examples of gymnosperms?
A
Conifer, ginkophyta, spruce, and pine
18
Q
Examples of monocots?
A
water lily, cycad, bamboo, grass, fern, coconut
19
Q
Examples of eudicots/dicots?
A
pea, magnolia, maple
20
Q
What is adaptive radiation?
A
1 lineage splits into many different lineages
21
Q
What are the factors that lead to radiation of gymnosperms (long answer)?
A
Very little land habitat had been used by plants because they used to rely of the availability of moist substrate. The gymnosperms expanded into many new habitats without the competition of other plants, which led to the radiation of different types of gymnosperms.
22
Q
What are the factors that led to the adaptive radiation of angiosperms (long answer)?
A
Angiosperms had flowers so they could produce food for animals. Many species developed flower traits to attract specific groups of animals. Using animals for pollination allowed the plant to waste less resources on pollen because there is now a higher chance to fertilize another plant rather than using the wind and only having luck. This relationship with animals gave angiosperms an advantage and dominated the gametophytes. The largest reason for vast angiosperm diversity is their co-evolution with insects.
23
Q
5 traits that are common to all seed plants (long answer)?
A
- Reduced gametophytes. Gametophytes of seed plants are microscopic and develop inside spore. This protects developing gametophyte from environmental stress like lack of water and allows it to obtain nutrients from the sporophyte.
- Heterospory = produce 2 types of spores to develop either male or female gametophytes
- Ovules are made of megasporangium, megaspore, and two protective integuments that are made from parent sporophyte tissue. Megasporangium makes egg, and egg is contained in ovule. Megaspore develops into gametophyte, which is in sporangium.
- Pollen. Pollen grain is a male microspore that develops in male gametophyte which produces sperm
- A sperm fertilizes egg of a seed plant. Ovule develops into seed
24
Q
What is the first root to form from the seed?
A
Primary roots
25
What is the primary function of tap root in most land plants? and what they do
Anchor. Go deep and straight down. And food storage.
26
What is the primary function of lateral roots in most land plants?
Anchor and water absorptions
27
What is included in vegetative shoot?
Everything except roots and reproductive shoot
- stems
nodes
axil
axillary bud
leaf
apical bud
28
What is the axil? What does it have?
Angle that is formed by a leaf and stem. Has axillary bud
29
what is the axillary bud?
structure in the angle between leaf and stem. Place of start of a new stem on shoot.
30
What is the apical meristem?
Cluster of cells at the tip of a shoot where cell division occurs
31
What is the blade?
Major photosynthetic portion of leaf. Captures sunlight
32
What is included in dermal tissue?
epidermis, trichomes, guard cells, periderm
33
What is included in vascular tissue?
Stele, xylem, phloem. vascular bundle
34
What is included in ground tissue?
pith, cotex
35
What is the epidermis? What does it prevent?
Single layer of surface cells in non-woody organs that are tightly packed to prevent water loss/
36
What is the periderm?
Single layer of surface cells in woody organs that are tightly packed to reduce water loss
37
What are guard cells?
Cells that open and close the stomata
38
What are trichomes?
outgrowths of special surface cells of shoots that look like hairs or scales
39
What are xylem?
Vessels that transport water and minerals from roots to shoots (UP)
40
What are phloem?
Vessels that transport from leaves to roots and other parts of shoots (DOWN)
41
What is a steele?
Any collection of vascular tissue of roots and stems
42
What are the types of steeles?
Vascular bundle in shoots and vascular cylinder in roots
43
What is the cortex?
All ground tissue exterior of vascular tissue (towards epidermis)
44
What is pith?
All ground tissue around and between vascular bundles (toward center of root or shoot)
45
What are parenchyma cells?
Ground tissue cells that are most basic type of plant cell that does photosynthesis and storage. It has thin, primary cell walls. Large empty storage vacuole or have chloroplasts filled with green chlorophyll
46
What are collenchyma cells?
Ground tissue cells that provide flexible support. Thickened cell walls in places that contain extra pectin (jelly like polysaccharide)
47
What are prosenchyma cells?
ground tissue cells the provide rigid support. Thickened secondary cell walls containing lignin (strong polysaccharide)
48
What are storage roots? example
root with lots of sugars that are saved to provide energy and molecules for growth later on (beet)
49
What are rhizomes? example
not actually roots. Horizonatal shoots that sit just below surface. vertical shoots and roots emerge from axillary buds along horizontal shoots (ginger)
50
What are stolons? example
Aerial roots that are not actually roots/ Horizontal shoots that grow along surface of substrate and can send shoots and roots out at axillary buds (strawberries)
51
What are prep roots? example
Aerial roots that prevent tall and top-heavy mature plants from toppling over (corn)
52
What are tubers? example
Not actually roots. Enlarged ends of rhizomes and stolons that function in food storage (potatoes)
53
What are fibrous roots/
type of root system that has lots of lateral roots that increase surface area that help anchor the plant but also improve water uptake
54
What are mycorrhizal fungi?
Organisms that have a symbiotic relationship with plants and are advantageous to plants by increasing their root surface area for better absorption and by producing nutrients the plants may not be able to get from their environment
55
What are root hairs?
Finger-like extensions of root epidermal near the tip of roots that significantly increase the root surface area, increasing absorption in that area of the roots
56
What are compound leaves?
Type of leaf with several blades per leaf petiole
57
What are simple leaves?
Has 1 blade per leaf petiole
58
What are reproductive leaves
Plantlets that form on them that eventually fall off the leaf and take root in the soil
59
What are storage leaves and example
Below ground bulbes that are made of at least one short stem bud surrounded by these. They are fleshy, below-ground storage leaves. (onions)
60
What are tendrils?
long, thin, curly modified leaves grab onto supports and provide greater support for the plant as it climbs and grows taller
61
What are spines?
Modified leaves that are long, stiff, and sharp-pointed to defend the plant
62
What are glandular trichomes?
hair-like protrusions from the epidermal cells of plants that produce fluids that can be sticky and contain important chemicals produced as a product of their metaboilsm
63
Two function of glandular trichomes? (long answer)
Extrude phytochemicals that influence plant growth, repel harmful insects, attract beneficial insects, and mediate plant interactions
64
3 structures and function of non-glandular trichomes? long answer
Pubescent trichomes allow moisture to freeze and condense on trichomes instead of plant surfaces to avoid freezing. Shiny pubescent trichomes decrease temp. of plant by reflecting light. Stiff non-glandular trichomes impale small insects to reduce its feeding on plants
65
What is a function of primary growth in plants and who experiences it?
Initial growth that elongates shoots and roots . For all plants
66
What is the function of secondary growth in plants, and what plants have them? long answer
Increases structural support for taller shoots, increase vascular flow to shuttle nutrients to new growth of plant, and increase protection against invertebrates and pathogens. Only for gymnosperms
67
What is the zone of maturation/differentiation?
growth zone where plant cells morph into specific types of cells with specific functions
68
What is the zone of cell division
Growth zone where number of plant cells increase rapidly by mitosis
69
What is the zone of elongation
Growth zone where plant cells enlargen
70
What is the stele?
Differentiated region of plant roots includes the vascular cylinder (vascular system) and are associated with ground tissues
71
What is the pericycle?
The term for all cells surrounding the xylem and phloem in the root and that initiate growth of lateral roots
72
What is a root apical meristem?
the dome-shaped cluster of cells at the shoot tip were cells are rapidly dividing by mitosis
73
Explain why some plants have one phenotype in one envioronment and another phenotype in another. Specific example and long answer
Phenotypic plasticity is when genes in a plant remain the same but the phenotype changes. The environment can cause a plant to inhibit or turn on certain genes. An example is "Ponderosa Pine." In northern climates it grows taller and more narrow diamter than in southern climates. This is because air density and atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes so there is lower CO2 levels and less transpiration rate. The tree thrives to accommodate by having more stomata to catch more CO2. In the north, the sun rises at a lower angle than the south so trees will capture more sunlight in a more vertical shape.
74
What is phyllotaxis?
Study of arrangement of leaves on a stem
75
What are the leave patterns and descriptions?
Whorled=circle around plant
alternate
opposite (2 leaves together with no space)
sub opposite (2 leaves slightly apart and opposite)
spiraled (spiral around shoot with different nodes)
76
What are plasmodesmata?
channels connecting the cytoplasm of tissue cells
77
What is symplast?
cell cytoplasm and channels connecting the cytoplasm of tissue cells
78
What is apoplast?
Everything external to the plasma membranes of cells and includes cell walls and extracellular space
79
What is transmembrane movement?
movement of water and solutes along continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces
80
What is symplastic movement?
Movement of water and solutes along cytosol
81
What is function of vegetative shoot?
It includes leaves, which captures sunglight and completes photosynthesis. The other part of the shoot takes this energy to other parts of the plant
82
Why do plants do recourse allocation?
There are finite resources.
83
What does a change in leaf orientation do? example
changes amount of solar radiation (ie sunflower)
84
What do fenestrations do and example
They are holes that increase sunlight penetration to lower leaves, reduce wind damage, and allows more water to reach roots in soil (Monstera)
85
what do lobes do? example
increase sunlight penetration to lower leaves, reduce wind damage, and allows more water to reach roots in soil (oak
86
What do drop tips do? example
less moisture = less infection (Ficus religiosa)
87
What do leaf quaking do and examples
reduces sunglight capture on leaves if there is too much sunlight (pipulus tremuloids)
88
What do long and narrow leaves or deebly lobed and divided leaves do?
increase sunlight penetration to lower leaves, reduce wind damage, and allows more water to reach roots in soil
89
Explain factors that improve performance of roots and how root growth can adjust to local variation in nutrients. long answer
Roots respond to resources in the substrate. Roots can sprawl out in a pocket of high nitrite availability to access as much nutrients as possible. Roots increase their performance on environmental resources, temporal distribution, and competition of other plants
90
What is the difference between long and short distance movement of solutes and water and how they work together. Long answer
Short-distance transpiration happens at the cellular level. It uses apoplastic movement to move water and solutes along continuum of cell walls and extracellular space. IT uses symplastic movement to move substances along continuum of cytosol. It uses transmembrance movement to move substances across cell walls and extracellular space. Long distance transportation occurs by bulk flow and driven by a pressure gradient. Xylem: water and absorbed solutes go from roots to leaves and plant cels. Phloem: dissolved photosynthates and assembled molecules from where they are made or stored to cells where they are stored or used
91
What are the functions of transpiration? long answer
It drives transport via xylem. The transpiration happens at the plant surface which is evaporation of water, drives transport of water and solute from roots to shoots in xylem via bulk flow. The evaporation causes negative pressure which pulls water up to surface. Water can do this with its cohesion and adhesion capabilities
92
Why is transpiration a balancing act for plants? long answer
higher number of stomata = more CO2 absorbed = higher rate of photosynthesis. Also more water lost through stomata. Plants must regulate how much water they lose because water is also needed as a reactant of photosynthesis
93
What are the factors that change the rate of transpiration and how do they do that? long answer
Transpiration rate is regulated by stomata. A high number of stomata = high rate of tranpiration. They can regulate transpiration by opening and closing themselves. Turgor pressure opens and closes guard cells. Turger is the amount of pressure in cells caused by water. When plant cells have lots of water, guard cells open stomata so they can lose some water and absorb CO2. The guard cells are turgid. When there is little water, guard cells are flaccid and shrink. They close stomata and retain H2O
94
What makes up soil?
-Sedimet (sand, clay, rocks)
-minerals (as ions_
-water
-gases
-decaying organic material
-living organisms
95
Why is soil considered an ecosystem
It has living and nonliving parts
96
Which soil horizon is best for plants and why
A because it has most organic material, lots of absorbable ions and microorganisms, and smallest particle of sediment
97
Why is loamy sand best
Organic material, air, minerals, and H2O are best available
98
Why is sandy soil not the best for plants
large particle size= less surface area= less ionic charges with minerals and less water retention for plant
99
Why is clay not the best for plants
Very small and compact particles
100
What are essential elements and examples
C, O, H, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S. Needed for plants in large quantities for growth
101
What are endophytes rhizobacteria?
Closely elated with plant species and sometimes specific to certain plant species
102
What is ectomycorrhizae?
type of mycorrhizal funge that lives on the surface of plant roots
103
What is arbuscular mycorrhizae?
Mycorrhizal fungus grows into plant roots and penetrates plant root cells
104
What is nitrogen fixation
conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia, ammonium, or nitrate by bacteria and other microorganisms
105
What are epiphytes?
plants whose roots attach to other plants for a place to grow. They collect their own recources
106
What are carnivourous plants
Plants that capture and feed on animals
107
What are holoparasitic plants
Plants that live on other plants, do not photosynthesisze, and get all nutrients by tapping into plant with small root-like structures called haustoria
108
What are haustoria
root-like structures that allow holoparasitic and hemiparasitic plants to gain nutrients from host plant
109
What are hemiparasitic plants
plants that live on other plants, photosynthesisze, and get some of their nutrients from host plants via haustoria
110
Why are some plants carnivorous? long answer
It is a form of foliar feeding. It is for plants that grow in areas with a lot of sunlight and water but have nutrient-poor soils or very acidic soils. The acidic environment reduces nutrient availability. They capture invertebrates, dissolve them with enzyemes, and absorb their nutrients
111
What is a complete flower?
flower with carpels, stamens, petals, and sepals
112
What is an incomplete flower?
flower that lacks carpels, stamens, petals and/or sepals
113
What is unisexual (imperfect flower)
flower that lacks functional carpels OR stamens
114
What is a sterile flower?
Flower without functional carpels AND stamens
115
What is inflorescense and example
Structure that is a cluster of many flowers on a single flower shoot (ie broccoli)
116
What is a fruit and how does it function
Mature ovary of flower that contains and protects enclosed seed
117
What are the traits of flowers that want to be pollinated by butterflies
tubular shaped, red, yellow, blue
118
What are the traits of flowers that want to be pollinated by moths and examples
Examples: yucca, clover, fushcia
pendant shaped, nocturnal, sweet, aromatic, yellow, pale
119
What are the traits of flowers that want to be pollinated by birds
large, red, tubular shaped, not very aromatic, makes lots of nectar
120
What are the traits of flowers that want to be pollinated by bats and examples
aromatic, bell shaped, nocturnal,
ie agave, organ pupe, saguaro cactus
121
What are the traits of flowers that want to be pollinated by wind and examples
not aromatic, inconspicuous and small, pale yellowish and whitish and greenish
ie grasses, sedges, oaks, maples, walnuts
122
What are the traits of flowers that want to be pollinated by bees and examples
sweet, nectar guides, yellow, blue, dandelion, tomato, blue-eyed grasses
123
What are the traits of flowers that want to be pollinated by flies
stinky
124
angiosperm life cycle? long answer
1. gametophyte development
a. Female (embryo sac): develop in ovule (aka megasporangium). 1 cell in ovule undergoes meiosis to create 4 megaspores. Only 1 survives. It developes into 1 large cell with 8 haploid nuclei. It is partitioned to be a multi cellular embryo sac
b. Male (pollen grain): pollen develops from microspores in microsporangia (aka pollen sacs) of anthers. Microspore undergoes mitosis to make 2 cells: a gametophyte cell and a tube cell. A pollen grain are these 2 cells and a spore wall
2. Sperm delivery by pollen tubes.
Pollen grain lands on stigma. The pollen germinates and the generative cell divides into 2 sperm. Tube cell produces pollen tube down style to ovary. Sperm enter microphyle of embryo sac
3. double fertilization. 1 sperm fertilizes egg. 1 sperm combines with nuclei of central cell. giving rise to endosperm (the food storing tissue of seed)
