Exam 2

Question 1

Schedule 1

Answer 1

High abuse potential, no accepted medical use

Question 2

Schedule 2

Answer 2

High abuse potential, accepted medical indications

Question 3

Official Name

Answer 3

As listed in the USP

Question 4

Efficacy

Answer 4

Drugs ability to produce a physiological response after binding to a receptor site

Question 5

Bioassay

Answer 5

Essay on biological model or organism

Question 6

Bioequivalence

Answer 6

relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs

Question 7

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 7

Study of the basic processes that determine the duration and intensity of the drugs effect and how those drugs are absorbed, distributed, biotransformed, and eliminated

Question 8

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 8

how a medication interacts with the body to cause its effects

Question 9

onset of action

Answer 9

the time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration

Question 10

Down regulation

Answer 10

a drug or hormone decreases the number of available receptor sites, resulting in decreased sensitivity to the drug or hormone.

Question 11

Up regulation

Answer 11

A drug or hormone causes the formation of more receptors than normal

Question 12

Biotransformation

Answer 12

Like other chemicals that enter the body, drugs are broken down into different chemicals (metabolites)

Question 13

First pass effect

Answer 13

The first pass through the liver may partially or completely inactivate many drugs

Question 14

Benefit of IVP

Answer 14

Bypasses the GI tract and prevents first pass hepatic metabolism

Question 15

Half life

Answer 15

unit of rate of decay of radioactive isotopes; the time it takes for the decaying parent isotope to decrease by half

Question 16

Synergism

Answer 16

1+1=3. two drugs that have the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses.

Question 17

Drug profile

Answer 17

unique characteristics of a drug or class of drug, including their administration, absorption, metabolism, duration of action, toxicity, and interactions with foods or other meds.

Question 18

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 18

“carrier mediated diffusion” process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane

Question 19

Affinity

Answer 19

Force of attraction between a receptor site and a drug.

Question 20

Cross tolerance

Answer 20

by developing a tolerance to once medication, this may cause tolerance to the entire class of medications I.E. opiates

Question 21

Kidney failure’s affect on drugs

Answer 21

The body is not able to eliminate the drugs as well.

Question 22

Why is IV administration so useful

Answer 22

It bypasses the first pass hepatic metabolism

Question 23

What are NSAIDs & how are they used

Answer 23

Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs used to affect pain response.

Question 24

What is aspirin used for in prehospital setting

Answer 24

Mild to moderate pain. Fever, platelet aggregation inhibitor.

Question 25

Sympathetic NS effects

Answer 25

Increased HR, increased conductivity. Increased contraction of the heart.

Question 26

Parasympathetic NS effects

Answer 26

pupillary constriction, secretion by digestive glands, reduction in HR and cardiac contractile force, bronchoconstriction, Increased smooth muslce contraction along digestive tract.

Question 27

Alpha 1

Answer 27

Vasoconstriction

Question 28

Beta 1

Answer 28

Increased HR & contraction

Question 29

Beta 2

Answer 29

Bronchodialation

Question 30

analgesics vs. anesthetics

Answer 30

Analgesics block pain receptors. Anesthetics induce loss of all sensation

Question 31

what are beta blockers?

Answer 31

Beta adrenergic antagonist. Approved for treatment of arrhythmias. Indication in the treatment of tachycardias resulting from excessive sympathetic stimulation.

Question 32

What does Narcan/naloxone do?

Answer 32

Blocks the binding of the drug to the receptor site

Question 33

What are benzodiazepines?

Answer 33

CNS depressants

Question 34

Enteral vs parental routes

Answer 34

Enternal (involving GI tract… mouth to butt)
parental (not involving GI tract)

Question 35

Agonist vs. antagonist

Answer 35

Agonist: bind to receptor site and cause expected response
Antagonist: bind to the receptor site and prevents expected response from happening

Question 36

What does the blood brain barrier do?

Answer 36

Only non-protein bound, high lipid soluble drugs can cross due to the tightly bound CNS cells

Question 37

Naloxone

Answer 37

Trade name: narcan
Class: narcotic antagonist, opioid antagonist
actions/effects: displace narcotics at the receptor sites in CNS, attaches to the receptor and inhibits the narcotics action
Indications: narcotic overdose, respiratory depression, coma of unknown origin, man down,
Contraindication: hypersensitivity
Side effects: N/V, seizures, tachycardia, HTN, diaphoresis, blurred vision, withdrawal
Adult dose: 2-4 mg IV/IM/IN/ET/IO
Cautions: can cause seizures from withdrawal in chronic opioid users

Question 38

Midazolam

Answer 38

Trade name: Versed
Classification: short acting benzodiazepine, CNS depressant, anti seizure
actions/effects: anti seizure, anticonvulsant, sedative, muscle relaxant
Indications: seizures, conscious sedation, chemical restraint
Contraindications: hypersensitivity, depressed CNS, shock
Cautions: pregnancy category D, should not be taken by PTs that have taken any other CNS depressants
Side effects: depressed CNS, N/V, blurred vision, headache, retrograde amnesia
Adult/ ped dose: IV 0.1mg/kg up to 5mg (1-5 min onset) IN 0.2mg/kg up to 10mg dose (3-7 min onset) 1cc per nostril, IM 0.1mg/kg up to 10mg dose (15-30 min onset)
Expected dose adult IV 2-5 mg, IN/IM 5-10 mg second dose may be given

Question 39

Diazepam

Answer 39

Trade name: Valium
Classification: Benzodiazepine
actions/ effects: Anti Anxiety, anticonvulsant activity, acts on CNS to relax the NS
Indications: seizure control, anxiolytic/sedation
Contraindications: known hypersensitivity, hypoglycemic seizure activity. PTs with a compromised respiratory status (relative) * do not give via IN route if PT is < 6yo
Side effects: rapid administration may cause respiratory depression/arrest. Paradoxical excitement or stimulation sometimes occurs.
Adult dose: seizure- 5 mg IV/IM/IO, q 2min PRN, Max 10 mg
agitated / combative PT- 5 mg IV or 10mg IM, max 10 mg if agitation persists after 5 min, repeat first dose.
Excited Delirium- 10 mg IV/IM if agitation persist after 5 min repeat first dose
Post intubation sedation- 5 mg IV/ or 10mg IM, q2min PRN, max 10 mg
Physiological effects: modulates postsynaptic effects of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission, which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
Additional info: not to be mixed with any other injectable medication, may precipitate when administered in D5W IV line.
Aspirin

Question 40

Aspirin

Answer 40

Trade name: Bayer
Classification: Platelet inhibitor, anti inflammatory, analgesic, NSAID
Action: Decreases platelet aggregation
Indication: chest pain suggestive of MI, Pain, and fever
Contraindication: hypersensitivity, bronchospasms, angioedema, Pt receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Dose: adult 160-325 mg PO
Adverse effects: nausea, vomiting, GI bleed, allergic reactions, gastric upset
Cautions: category D. aspirin allergy, ulcers, asthma