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SHS 485 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

semantic paraphasia

A

incorrect word selection
-often related in meaning (which is semantic) OR can be incorrect word selection (verbal) ex. my wife vs. my mother

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2
Q

phonemic paraphasia

A

phoneme based error
-errors can result in real words ex. puck for cup

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3
Q

paragrammatism

A

running speech is inchoerent

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4
Q

how can the house model be used to map out various aphasia subtypes

A

with the impaired location on the model, it can represent various subtypes and therefore create varying symtoms

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5
Q

fluent vs. non-fluent subtypes of aphasia

A

fluent : wernicke’s, conduction, transcortical sensory, anomic, and pure word deafness
non-fluent : broca’s, global, and transcortical motor

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6
Q

caution about aphasia

A

syndromes may not localize to expected lesion site
-there is a general correlation between lesion site and syndrome

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7
Q

code switching

A

alternating use of ones language
-requires linguistic competence across both languages

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8
Q

how is the brain organized with bilinguals

A

-overlap of areas used in both languages
-same areas process language

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9
Q

how does age of acquisition impact language competence

A

-early and proficient bilinguals have a high degree of overlap in used areas
-late and proficient bilinguals have little or no overlap in used areas

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10
Q

parallel recovery pattern for bilinguals

A

recover at the same rate and at same level

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11
Q

differential recovery pattern for bilinguals

A

one language is recovered more than the other

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12
Q

antagonistic recovery pattern for bilinguals

A

L1 is better than L2 at the beginning, then L2 improves and L1 decreases

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13
Q

alternating antagonism recovery pattern for bilinguals

A

same as antagonistic but will switch back for forth
-switches on a daily basis or over months

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14
Q

selective recovery pattern for bilinguals

A

deficits are in one language

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15
Q

successive recovery pattern for bilinguals

A

one language improves, then the other

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16
Q

blending

A

unintentional mixing of both languages
-words and grammatical constructions
-NOT code switching

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17
Q

inability to translation deficit

A

cannot translate L1 to L2 OR L2 to L1

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18
Q

paradoxical translation

A

can translate one way only
-from L1 to L2 OR L2 to L1

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19
Q

translation without comprehension

A

can translate but does not understand what they are saying

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20
Q

spontaneous translation

A

involuntary translation of everything they hear
-often occurs with cognitive or inhibition issues

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21
Q

recovery considerations for bilinguals

A

-various factors related to abilities post stroke
-generalization : treatment can, but not always, generalize from L1 to L2
-interference : difficulties in L1 can affect L2

22
Q

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brian pathology, caused by external force
-can be a physical or motion force

23
Q

open head injury

A

damage caused by object entering cranium

24
Q

closed head injury

A

damage caused by impact to head

25
Q

mild TBI/concussion

A

temporary disruption of brain functions caused by head trauma
-resolves over time
-sometimes results in long term effects

26
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

a progressive degenerative disease found in those with repeated head injuries
-symptoms can occur months or years after injuries and progresses to dementia

27
Q

how is the brain protected

A

hard outer layer (skull), cushioning function (meninges) and fluid that is throughout the brain (cerebrospinal fluid)

28
Q

how is the head/brain impacted with an open head injury

A

cranium is shattered or damaged
-will be more focal damage or diffuse

29
Q

how is the head/brain impacted with a closed head injury

A

will be damaged by impact
-diffuse damage
-primary injuries : contusion, compression, stretching, shearing/tearing
-secondary injuries : elevated pressure, brain edema, hypoxia, pyrexia

30
Q

speech and language problems with a TBI

A

communication problems (stemming from cognitive deficits), aphasia, verbal retrieval problems, difficulty recalling names, intelligible speech, reasonably fluent and grammatical expressive language and comprehension is adequate to support everyday interactions

31
Q

more common language deficits

A

interpretation of ambiguous sentences, inferential judgements, generating semantically, metaphor interpretation, humor, semantic association tasks, synonym.antonym tasks, digressiveness, and difficulty in self monitoring

32
Q

why is it hard to pinpoint linguistic deficits following a TBI

A

-high variability of the TBI population
-language deficits are often overlooked due to cognitive/memory problems
-metalinguistic cognitive functions interact with language deficits

33
Q

what do language impairments reflect of the brain with a TBI

A

the interplay between cognitive and linguistic processes
-cognitive dysfunction with attention, organization, sequencing and retrieval

34
Q

executive functions

A

tells the brain what to focus on and what is important

35
Q

what are some executive function deficits seen with TBI patients

A

attention, planning, perplexed, and goal focused

36
Q

why is it hard to pinpoint linguistic deficits following a TBI

A

-high variability of the TBI population
-language deficits are often overlooked due to cognitive/memory problems
-metalinguistic cognitive functions interact with language deficits

37
Q

different recovery patterns

A

-full language function recovering if initial injury was mild
-after some mild head injury expresses deficits can remain for at least 6 months and generally recovers diffuse cerebral damage
-more severe damage with diffuse damage

38
Q

recovery patterns for language abilities

A

more linguistic recovery occurs within the first 6 months (first month in particular)
-cognitive and linguistic impairments will resolve in those early months as well

39
Q

dementia

A

brain damage that is slowly acquired
-typically progressive, related to memory loss and cognitive impairments
-brain changes occur before symptoms appear

40
Q

what does dementia consist of

A

short term memory impairment AND one of the following :
-executive function impairment
-aphasia : language
-apraxia : motor memory
-agnosis : sensory memory

41
Q

mild dementia

A

extremely brief to about 5 years prior to diagnosis
-difficulty remembering recent information
-difficulty performing familiar tasks
-difficulty with word finding
family begins to notice cognitive deficits

42
Q

moderate dementia

A

between 2 and 12 years
-worsening memory problems
-increased difficulty with performing daily tasks
-increased changes in behavior, mood, and personality
-changes in 5 senses

43
Q

severe dementia

A

1 to 3 years
-little to no short term memory remains
-unable to perform tasks
-lack of judgement
-unable to communicate effectively
-does not recognize self or family
-little to no function with senses
-physical activity declines

44
Q

alzheimer’s disease (AD)

A

most common type of dementia
-accounts for around 50% of cases of dementia

45
Q

3 changes seen in the brain with AD patients

A

amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal degeneration
-these all lead to clinical symptoms but the changes occur YEARS before symptoms

46
Q

early onset AD

A

-seen in people younger than 65
-typically occurs in 40-50s
-heavy genetic component to susceptibility

47
Q

vascular dementia

A

presentation of dementia symptoms usually caused by a series of strokes
-onset of symptoms typically occurs following a stroke, several small strokes, or TIAs

48
Q

difference between vascular dementia and aphasia

A

vascular dementia is cognitive impairments associated with a stroke whereas aphasia is language impairments due to a stroke

49
Q

memory impairments

A

difficulty forming new memories, information retrieval deficits, personal episodic memory impairment, and procedural/implicit memory better than declarative memory

50
Q

visuospatial impairments

A

visual recognitive impairments : trouble recognizing familiar faces
spatial deficits : getting lost in familiar places, 3-D drawing deficits

SHS 485 (2 decks)

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