Exam 2

Question 1

Variable

Answer 1

Any factor or attribute that can assume two or more values (I.e., anything that varies)

Question 2

Quantitative variables

Answer 2

Represent properties that differ in amount

Question 3

Qualitative variables

Answer 3

Represent properties that differ in type

Question 4

Participant variables

Answer 4

Personal characteristics that differ across individuals

Question 5

Situational variables

Answer 5

Characteristics that differ across environments or stimuli

Question 6

Measurement

Answer 6

Process of systematically assigning values to represent attributes of organisms, objects, or events

Question 7

Nominal scales

Answer 7

Involve meaningful but potentially arbitrary, non-numerical names or categories

Question 8

Ordinal scales

Answer 8

Involve ordering or ranking levels of the variable

Question 9

Interval scales

Answer 9

Involve the use of real numbers designating real amounts that reflect relative differences in magnitude

Question 10

Ratio scales

Answer 10

Contain an absolute zero point that represents the absence of the variable being measured

Question 11

Constructs

Answer 11

Underlying, hypothetical characteristics or processes that cannot be directly observed

Question 12

Operational definitions

Answer 12

Defining a variable in terms of the procedures used to measure or manipulate it

Question 13

Reliability

Answer 13

The consistency or stability of a measure

Question 14

Test-retest reliability

Answer 14

Extent to which scores on the same measure, administered to the same participants at two different times under equivalent conditions, correlate with each other

Question 15

Parallel forms reliability

Answer 15

Extent to which scores on two different but equivalent versions of the same measure, administered to the same participants at two different times under equivalent conditions, correlate with each other

Question 16

Internal consistency

Answer 16

Consistency of a measure within itself

Question 17

Construct validity

Answer 17

Degree to which a measure actually measures the construct it is intended to measure

Question 18

Face validity

Answer 18

Degree to which items on a measure appear to measure the construct of interest

Question 19

Content validity

Answer 19

Degree to which items on a measure adequately represent the entire range or set of items that could have been appropriately included

Question 20

Criterion validity

Answer 20

Addresses the ability of a measure to predict an outcome

Question 21

Convergent validity

Answer 21

Extent to which scores on the measure correlate with scores on other measures of the same construct

Question 22

Divergent validity

Answer 22

Extent to which scores on two different measures of different constructs do not relate to each other

Question 23

Between-subjects design

Answer 23

Different participants are randomly assigned to different groups

Question 24

Within-subjects design (I.e., repeated measures design)

Answer 24

All participants complete all conditions

Question 25

Matched-groups design

Answer 25

Participants after matched on one+ characteristics and each individual in the matched set is randomly assigned to complete a different condition of the experiment

Question 26

Carryover effects

Answer 26

When participants responses in one condition are uniquely influenced by the particular condition or conditions that preceded it

Question 27

Progressive effects

Answer 27

An order effect in which changes in participants responses result from their cumulative exposure to prior conditions