Exam 2 Flashcards
Know the characteristics of a primary social group.
Distinct norms and values
- Distinctive clothing
- In-group language or lingo
- Distinctive shared meanings associated with the activity
1) collection of individuals
2) interaction among members
3)Mutual awareness
4) common interests
5) Group Norms
6) groups are dynamic
Know the difference between a social group and an aggregate.
A social category can become a social group when the members in the category interact with each other and identify themselves as members of the group. In contrast, a social aggregate is a collection of people who are in the same place, but who do not interact or share characteristics.
The aggregate doesn’t regularly interact with the group and is seen as an outsider. They are in the same place at the same time but have little in common.
Aggregate: collection of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time but have no connection to one another.
social group: consists of two or more people who interact over time, have a sense of identity or belonging, or have norms that nonmembers don’t have.
How does our language affect how we interact with the land according to Kimmerer?
It breathes life into the land.
How would a land ethic change the role of humans from “conqueror of the land
community to plain members and citizens of it”?
Respect for our fellow members
- Imply the respect
- conservation management
- keeping a healthy forest structure
- we’ll become members of it and will integrate ourselves and work with it.
Leopold means that humans are the apex of the ecological structure but by being the apex, we eventually can run out of resources that fall below our priority list by overusing them. By being the conqueror, we eventually become defeated due to our selfish tendencies
How does Leopold expand the notion of “community” in his essay The Land Ethic?
It enlarges the boundaries of the community to not only include people but soil, plants, animals, and everything that makes up the land.
There are many different groups of people who utilize forest products for a variety of
reasons. Be able to differentiate between the various groups and what accounts for
their differences.
Loggers: all have a high-value placed on the work itself, use forest products for wood
NTFPS: harvesters are motivated by a mix of values: income, fun and subsistence
~a lot of different benefits and values for different groups of people especially for the huckleberry pickers
What are the four types of huckleberry pickers?
Native Harvesters, Non-native harvesters, Income Supplements, Full-Timers
What types of conflict can arise during and after wildfire events?
Anti-forest service sentiment can arise because locals may see the forest service as being interfering or not helpful enough
Be able to discuss social and ecological resilience in relationship to “Sun Come Up.”
Resilience is the capacity of a social-ecological system to absorb or withstand perturbations and other stressors such that the system remains within the same regime, essentially maintaining its structure and functions.
~ Moving the islanders to the mainland, away from flooding, bringing shell money to bargain for land.
~ islanders (Carterets) were given land by Tinputz, other groups were able to help and provide for them
~ making the decision to leave their home for good in order to survive
Adger) What is an example of local- and regional-scale actions to enhance resilience
in social-ecological systems exposed to abrupt change? Given examples specifically in
the reading.
Local action:
-maintenance and enhancement of ecosystem functions through sustainable use.
- Maintenance of local memory of resource use, learning processes for responding to environmental feedback and social cohesion.
Regional:
- mitigation of human-induced causes of hazard.
- promotion of early warning networks and structures.
- Enhancement of disaster recovery through appropriate donor response.
How does a person become an environmental activist? Know the step by step process.
1) pre-transformation stage: individual perceives a threat to their family’s health and responds to problem using their usual role.
2) Transitional stage: individual begins to doubt their conception of how “the system” works then begins to do research into the perceived problem.
3) Transformation from Private to Public Action: individual reaches out too and works with neighbors and other organizations to deal with perceived problem and receives social support.
4) Self identification as a career activist: The individual resolves their local battle and continues to be an activist.
Be able to explain how a particular scientific discipline can come up with a
scientifically sound solution that may end up being socially unacceptable, and in some
cases, have unintended ecological consequences.
Tunnel Vision, Paradigms, Working within a Discipline
socially unacceptable: mpa is focused on bringing back fish population, not focused on the economic well being of fisher people or the impacts of not fishing on the community.
What are the differences between the new and old paradigms in ecology? There are
six.
Systems as closed: any unit of the natural world to be managed as a separate entity.
Systems as self regulating: internal dynamics of natural resource systems would adjust to environmental changes.
Equilibrium as a point: systems possess a single point at which their composition or function is in equilibrium with the environment.
Succession as fixed: systems subjected to a disturbance will recover their previous state through an obligatory succession.
disturbance as exceptional: disruption or environment is so rare that managers could make and execute their plans without taking it in to account.
Humans excluded: humans are not a component of systems to be managed could lead to management plans that are neglected historic or contemporary human influences on a system.
Failure of these management systems reflecting these paradigms became apparent, with new data and scales of observation in ecology, contributed to the demise of the classical or equilibrium paradigm.
New paradigm emerged that recognizes systems to be open, regulated by events arising outside of their boundaries, lacking or presented from attaining a stable point equilibrium, affected by natal disturbance, and incorporating humans and their effects.
This is the non equilibrium paradigm
How does cross-disciplinary management avoid “tunnel vision”?
Tunnel vision is created by people in specific disciplines working within their paradigms. They don’t consider other impacts or consequences that could be avoided by cross-disciplinary management and multiple inputs. Specialized solutions to complex issues.
Why do technical fixes, like ITQs, MPAs and CBM, become “hammers looking for
nails”?
They are hammers looking for nails in that they come from specific paradigms/lenses that may not consider how things fit as a whole
