Exam 2 Flashcards
Serotonin low/high levels
Low: depressed mood, alterations in libido/sleep/appetite
High: serotonin syndrome
Norepinephrine low/high
Low: depressed mood, lack of focus
High: fight or flight symptoms
Dopamine high/low
Low: loss of joy/motivation/reward, Parkinson’s disease
High: psychosis, extreme elation
Dopamine mechanisms
Complex movements, motivations, cognition, regulation of emotional response
Norepinephrine mechanisms
Attention, learning, memory, sleep, wakefulness, mood regulation
Epinephrine mechanisms
Fight or flight
Glutamate mechanisms
Regulates nerve transmission
Serotonin mechanisms
Food intake, emotions, sleep, wakefulness
GABA mechanisms
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter, modulation of other transmitters
Benzodiazepines
Pam-a-lams. Used for anxiety (lower doses), alcohol withdraw, agitation, conscious sedation (higher doses). Short term use. Calm the brain down.
MAOIs
Inhibits MAO, allowing norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine to accumulate in the synaptic cleft. Treats depression in patients that are unresponsive to other antidepressants.
MAOI drug to drug
Other antidepressants could cause hypertensive crisis. Need a “washout” period of at least two weeks before taking other antidepressants.
MAOIs food interactions
Tyramine/pressor amines: increase BP and cause hypertensive crisis. Aged cheese, brewers yeast, smoked meats, red wines.
SSRIS
Block the reuptake of serotonin with little to no known effect on norepinephrine. Treats depression and anxiety disorders (risk for suicide). -pram,-one.
How long does it take SSRIS to work
May take several weeks to work
Paroxetine
SSRI. Avoid at all cost. Causes congenital defects.
Lithium
Therapeutic level: 0.5-1.2.
Treats bipolar disorder.
Effects: lethargy, slurred speech, ataxia, clonic movements, arrhythmia
Antipsychotics
Treat schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and other psychotic disorders.
Typical antipsychotics
Dopamine receptor blockers, anti cholinergic, antihistamine, chlorpromazine (THORAZINE), haloperidol (haldol)
Lower dopamine
Atypical antipsychotics
-pines, -dones, -pip, -rip
Block dopamine, serotonin receptors
Extrapyramidal side effects
Pseudoparkinsonism: muscle tremors, cogwheel rigidity, drooling, shuffling gait
Dystonia: spasms of tongue, back, legs, unnatural neck twisting
Akathisia: constant feeling of insatiable restlessness
Tardive dyskinesia: not reversible, lip smacking, tongue darting, chewing movements
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome side effects
Extremely high fever, rigid muscles, irregular pulse, tachycardia, tachypnea, blood pressure changes
Haloperidol
Antipsychotic. Headache, insomnia, confusion, tachycardia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Defense mechanisms
Methods of attempting to protect self and cope with basic drives
Compensation
Overachievement in one area to make up for deficiencies in another area
Conversion
An emotional conflict becomes a physical symptom
Displacement
Venting intense feelings towards someone other than the person causing the feeling
Dissociation
Dealing with an emotional conflict by a temporary alteration in consciousness/identity
Denial
Person refuses to recognize or ignores reality
Reaction formation
Acting the opposite of how you actually feel
Rationalization
Excusing own behavior to deflect guilt/negative feelings
Repression
Blocking painful memories from consciousness; subconscious
Projection
Unconscious blaming/ shifting of unacceptable
Sublimation
Substituting a socially acceptable activity for an activity that is not acceptable
Suppression
Conscious suppression of feelings/emotions
Peplau four phases of nurse patient relationship
Orientation: engaging the patient in treatment, providing explanation and information
Identification: patient works interdependently with the nurse, expresses feelings, and begins to feel stronger
Exploitation: patient makes full use of services offered
Resolution: patient no longer needs professional services and gives up dependent behavior; relationship ends
Categories of crises
Maturational: predictable events in the normal course of life
Situational: unanticipated or sudden events
Adventitious: unusual, unexpected, may impact community
Echopraxia
Mimicking the actions of others
Circumstantial thinking
Eventually gets to the point but takes awhile to get there
Perseverating
Going back over and over to the same idea despite attempts to redirect
Word salad
Words are random and do not make sense
Tangential speech
Never gets to the point
Flight of ideas
Large amount of fast speech with no connection between ideas
Loose associations
Jumping from one topic to another with no connections
Thought blocking
Stopping in the middle of a sentence
Delusions
Fixed/false belief
Ideas of reference
Inaccurate interpretation that general events are personally directed to him or her
Thought broadcasting
Belief that others can hear the patients thoughts
Thought insertion
Belief that others are putting ideas in the patients mind
Thought withdrawal
Belief that others are taking the patients thoughts way
