Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the roles of the Hypothalamus?
-controls the five F’s: fighting, fleeing/freezing, feeding, and reproduction
-Controls the autonomic nervous system
-controls the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
-regulates circadian rhythms via the suprachiasmatic nucleus
What does the anterior pituitary gland do?
It indirectly releases hormones
What does the Posterior pituitary gland do?
It directly releases hormones
What are the roles of the sympathetic nervous system?
-prepares body for action
- “fight or flight”
-Spinal cord
-neurotransmitters
Preganglionic: acetylcholine
Post: norepinephrine
What are the two neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine and norepinephrine
What are the roles of the Parasympathetic nervous system?
-Para-> around
-restorative function
- “rest and digest”
-spinal cord-> ganglia near end organs-> end organ
Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
What is the neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
What are the roles of the Cerebral Cortex?
-Contains hemispheres: right and left
- gyrus/ gyri (bumps)
-Sulcus/ sulci, fissures (grooves)
-large surface area as a result of folding (increase in surface area)
What are the roles of the Cerebellum?
- “little brain”
-Dorsal to pons
-movement coordination, classical conditioning (associative learning)
what part of the brain are the tectum and tegmentum located in?
The midbrain
What are the roles of the Tectum?
- “roof”
-superior colliculus (reflexive orienting of eyes, head, ears)
-inferior colliculus (sound/ auditory processing)
What are the roles of the Tegmentum?
- “floor”
- Species typical movement sequences (cat hiss, pouncing)
- Cranial nerves
- Nuclei that release modulatory neurotransmitters
-dopamine
-norepinephrine- serotonin
What neurotransmitters are released by the nuclei of the tegmentum?
dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
Roles of the glial cells
-Glia means glue
-functions: structural support, metabolic support, brain development, neural plasticity
What are different types of glial cells?
Astrocytes, Myelinating cells (oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglia)
What are the roles of Astrocytes?
- “star shaped”
-physical and metabolic support
-blood brain barrier
-regulate concentration of key ions for neural communication
-regulate concentration of key neurotransmitters
-shape brain development
-regulate local blood flow
-regulate/ influence communication between neurons - disruption linked to cognitive impairment, disease
What are the roles of Myelinating Cells?
- Produce myelin or myelin sheath.
-white, fatty substance
-surrounds fatty neurons
-The “white” in white matter
-Provide electrical/ chemical insulation
-make neuronal messages faster, less susceptible to noise
What is the role of Oligodendrocytes?
in brain and spinal cord, 1 to many neurons
What are the role of Schwann Cells?
in peripheral nervous system: 1 to 1, facilitate neuro-regeneration
What are the roles of Microglia?
clean- up damaged, dead tissue. Prune synapses in normal development and disease. Disruptions in microglia pruning-> impaired functional brain connectivity and social behavior
Where is Na+ concentrated?
Outside the cell
Where is K+ concentrated?
Inside the cell
Where is A- concentrated?
Inside the cell
Where is Cl- concentrated?
Outside the cell
What are the steps/ phases of action potential?
1.Onset at threshold
2. Rising phase-depolarization
3.Peak- at positive voltage
4.Falling phase- repolarization
5.Reset-refractory period
What happen during the onset at threshold?
+ input makes membrane potential more positive
What happens during rising phase?
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ flows in
What happens at the peak?
-Voltage-gated Na+ channels close and deactivate; Voltage-gated K+ channels open
What happens at the falling phase?
-K+ flows out
What happens at the reset/ refractory period?
-Na+/ K+ pump restores [Na+], [K+]; voltage- gated K+ channels close