Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the identifiers for a nutritional assessment?
Obesity
Dietary deficits(malnutrition, under nutrition)
Guidance for health promotion and disease prevention
What is optimal nutritional status?
Balance of nutrient intake to meet daily metabolic demands
What can change someone’s metabolic demands?
High levels of exercise
Elevated body temperature
Diseases
What can affect nutritional status?
Development
Cultural behaviors
Economic status
What do people with optimal nutritional status have?
Improved immune systems
More energy for activities
Body heals quicker
Types of malnutrition
Undernutrition
Overnutrition
Undernutrition
Inadequate nutrient intake or nutritional reserves been depleted
What can cause under nutrition?
Certain diseases
Disorders
Lifestyle behaviors
Risk factors of undernutrition
Lower socioeconomic status
Long work hours
Poor food choices
Chronic dieting
Chronic diseases
Dental problems
Illness or trauma
Limited access to sufficient foods
Eating disorders
Overnutrition
Intake of nutrients exceeds the metabolic needs of the body to maintain normal growth, development, and metabolism
Risk factors for overnutrition
Obesity
Cardiovascular disease
Type two diabetes
Hypertension
Cancer
Gallbladder disease
Sleep apnea
Immune system diseases
Things that affect hydration
-Exposure to high environmental temperatures
-Lower access to adequate fluids
-High intake of alcohol or diuretic fluids (coffee, soft drinks)
-People with impaired thirst mechanisms
-People taking diuretic medication’s
-Diabetic clients with severe hyperglycemia
-People with high fevers
Optimal hydration
Maintains functions, like urination, bowel, elimination, sweating, temperature, regulation, toxin, illumination, metabolism, enzyme, production, nutrient, absorption, immune system, efficiency, calorie burning efficiency, and health of skin, hair and nails
Daily water recommendation
Eight , 8oz glasses
Dehydration/underhydration
-Dehydration can go unnoticed in normal people under adverse conditions
-Development of a sense of thirst typically after dangerous deficit of fluid
Overhydration
-Typically not a problem in a healthy person
-People at risk for overhydration are those with kidney, liver, and cardiac diseases
Components of a nutritional assessment
Health history interview
Physical examination
Physical growth and development
Nutritional status
Laboratory tests
What type of data is collected first in a health assessment?
Subjective data
Types of objective data
Patient diet
Weight loss or gain
Current weight
Patient/family history
Lifestyle and health practices
What do you use when evaluating symptoms?
COLDSPA
What is COLDSPA?
-C: character
-O: onset
-L: location
-D: duration
-S: severity
-P: pattern
-A: associated factors
What is used for warning signs of poor nutrition?
DETERMINE
What is DETERMINE?
-D: disease
-E: eating poorly
-T: tooth loss or mouth pain
-E: economic hardship
-R: reduced social contact
-M: multiple medicines
-I: involuntary weight loss or gain
-N: needs assistance
-E: elderly (80yrs or older)
What are signs of foodborne illness?
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Abdominal cramps
Most common pathogens of foodborne illnesses
Norovirus
Salmonella
Clostridium perfringens
Campylobacter
What is a food allergy?
A immune response to irritation, or the inability to break down enzymes
What are the most common allergies?
Peanuts, tree, nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, sesame
How long do symptoms take for allergic reactions?
Minutes to hours after ingestion
What type of equipment is needed for an exam?
Scale
metric measuring tape
Marking pencil
Calipers
What is a anthropometric measurement?
Height and weight
Vital signs
BMI
Mid arm and waist circumference
Skinfold thickness
Mid arm muscle circumference
Different body types
Ectomorph
Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph
Small frame
Flat chest
Thin
Lean muscle
Hard to gain weight
Mesomorph
Athletic
Hardbody
Strong
Defined muscles
Gaines muscle easily
Endomorph
Soft and round body
Gaines muscle, and fat easily
Stocky
Hard to lose fat
Muscles not defined
Visceral fat
Inside and around organs
Subcutaneous fat
Directly underneath the skin
Abnormal nutrition
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Protein and calorie malnutrition
Kwashiorkor
Pro Tien malnutrition
Findings of elderly’s nutritional safety
Muscle tone and mass decrease
Loss of subcutaneous fat
Fat is redistributed
Tinting (fluid loss, mount, nutrition, loss of collagen)
Fat moves from face and neck and goes to arms, abdomen and hips
How to communicate interview and assessment findings
Validate information collected
Ask additional questions
Compare, objective and subjective data
Document both normal and abnormal findings
Age ranges for TBI risk factors
Newborn-4yrs
15-19yrs
Adults over 65 yrs
TBI risk factors
Transportation accidents
Violence
Falling
Caregivers
TBI risk factors for infants and toddlers
-Environmental
-Lack of parental knowledge of shaken baby syndrome
-Caregivers risk of shaken baby syndrome
TBI risk factors for children and teens
-Lack of protective equipment in sports and bicycle use
-Lack of safety practices while driving
TBI risk factors for adults and older adults
-Knowledge and use of safety practices for driving
-Impairment of physical or mental stability
-Maltreatment or domestic violence
TBI prevention teachings
-Use of child safety seats( car seat, booster)
-Wearing a seatbelt any time any motor vehicle
-Wearing a helmet or protective equipment
-Making living areas safe for elders (tripping hazards, mats and rugs, bar, rails, handrails, proper lighting)
-Never drive under the influence
What is HIT
Headache impact test
Questions to ask for HIT
-When you have headaches, how often is the pain severe?
-How often do headaches limit your ability to do usual daily activities?
-When you have a headache, how often do you wish you could lie down?
-In the past 4 weeks, how often have you felt too tired to do work or daily activities because if your headaches?
-In the past 4 weeks, how often have you felt fed up or irritated because your headaches?
-In the past 4 weeks, how often did headaches limit your ability to concentrate on work or daily activities?
Sinus headache
Deep, constant, throbbing, pain, or pressure, like pain in one specific area of face or head; tender to the touch
Occurs with, or after a cold, acute sinusitis, acute febrile illness
Cluster headache
Stabbing pain may be accompanied by tearing eyelid, drooping, redness, or runny nose
Has sudden onset may be precipitated by ingesting alcohol
Tension headache
Dull, tight defuse
No prodromal stage may occur with stress, anxiety, or depression
Migraine, headache
Accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity, to noise or light
May have prodromal stage such as visual disturbances, vertigo, numbness, or tingling in the fingers or toes
May be precipitated by emotional disturbances, anxiety, or ingestion of substances, to which client is sensitive
Tumor related headache
Aching, steady, neurologic and mental symptoms, as well as nausea and vomiting
No prodromal stage may be aggravated by coughing, sneezing or sudden movements of the head
How to prepare a client for head and neck examination
-Ask them to remove wigs, hat, hair, clips, jewelry, scarves
-Upright position
-Explain the importance of being still
-Explain what you were doing
-Be cautious of any cultural considerations
Tools needed for head and neck exam
Small cup of water
Stethoscope
Penlight
Gloves
Techniques for head, examination
-Inspect for size shape, and configurations
-Palpate for consistency
-Inspect face for symmetry, movement expression
Where to palpate temporal artery
Between top of ear and eye
Where to palpate temporomandibular joint
Please finger over front of each ear and have client open and close mouth
Techniques to inspect neck
Observe neck that is slightly extended for symmetry, lumps, and masses
Inspect swallowing movement of neck
Ask client to swallow a sip of water and observe the movement of the thyroid cartilage