exam 2 Flashcards
Barrow(swine)
castrated male pig
what is the number 1 swine country
china
top swine state
Iowa
top 5 swine states in order
Iowa
Minnesota
north Carolina
Illinois
Indiana
why is the panhandle good for pig raising
-environmental soundness
-water availability
-foodstuffs
-remote location
-trainable workforce
where do pigs spend the most time
finisher(5-6 months)
how long is pig gestation
114 days(3 month, 3 week, 3 day)
what is the most popular swine breedding operation
rotational systems
disadvantages of rotational breeding
-lower heterosis
-reduction in growth potential
terminal crossbreeding
all offspring from terminal mating are marketed and no replacement gilt is found
simple terminal
two purebreds mated or crossbred female is mated with male of 3rd breed
complex terminal
two crossbred animals are bred(4 total breeds)
disadvantages of terminal
replacement females must be bought since none are produced
advantages of crossbreeding
-hybrid vigor
-heterosis
what is the greatest expense in pig raising
feed(65-70%)
primary source of protein for pigs
soybean meal(corn is also a large componant)
all in all out barns
barn is completely emptied between groups of hogs for cleaning, provides better disease control)
6 steps after pig is born
-needle teeth clip
-dock tail
-iron shot
-castration
-ear notch
-cut naval cord
underline problems
-inadequate number
-poor spacing of tetes and pin
-inverted or blunt nipples
what does SPI stand for
sow productivity index
how it SPI calculated
number born alive and adjusted 21 day litter weight
why is AI used for dairy opperations
-intact bulls are aggressive
-expedites genetic process
-dairy is already more highly managed do its easier to implement
negative energy balance
cow is expending mor energy than she’s consuming
how much does a gallon of milk weigh
8.6 pounds
T/F cow numbers have decreased but milk production has increased
TRUE
dairy products rank as what within Texas(behind what?)
4th, behind cattle, cotton, and poultry
why has the industry moved from east to west
-humidity/climate
-land prices
-government regulations
-change from family owned to business owned farms
reasons for advancements in dairy
management
nutrition
genetics
bovine somatotropin(BST)
growth hormone to increase milk yield
symptoms of mistitles
swollen udder
hot to the touch
abnormal milk
traits(and percentages) dairy cows are judged on
frame-15%
dairy character-20%
body capacity-10%
feet and legs-15%
udder-40%
calf hutches
where calf’s are placed here 1-3 days old, and kept until they eat 4 lbs. of grain a day. reduce spread of disease,
freestall barn
individual stalls for each cow, stops their udder from being stepped on and provides cow comfort
what allows milking machines to extract milk
the vacume
how does the esophagus work in monogastrics
only works in one direction(cant regurgitate)
function of stomach in monogastrics
store ingested feed
muscular movement for breakdown
secretes digestive juices
sections of small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
(it also contains villi)
function of duodenum
site of absorption
function of jejunum
active site of amino acid absorption
function of ileum
active site of nutrient absorption
function of villi
small fingerlike projections in small intestine that increase surface area and slow passage
largest part of digestive tract of pig
large intestine(35%)
largest part of digestive tract of horse
large intestine(47%)
where is the site of bacterial fermentation in a horse
cecum in large intestine
which animal does not have a gall bladder
horse
what is the function of a gizzard on a chicken
grinds feed through muscle contractions
how does the esophagus work in ruminants
it can move food in either direction
which stomach compartment has a honeycomb pattern
reticulum
what is the largest stomach compartment in bovine
rumen
what stomach compartment is also known as manyplies
omasum
what is the true stomach of ruminants
abomasum
functions of the rumen
storage
physical mixing/breaking down
fermentation
qualities of the rumen
anaerobic
warm
dark
acidic
desirable pH of the rumen
5.5-6.5
esophageal groove
found in young ruminants, a passageway from esophageal opening to omasum allowing milk to bas the rumen and escape fermentation
how long do cattle ruminate per day
8 hours
eructation
burping(release of CO2 and methane)
regurgitation
controlled form of vomiting
what is the largest part of the cows reproductive tract
stomach(68%)
what does yield grade determine
cutability of closely trimmed retail cuts
beef cattle retail cuts
loin
round
chuck
rib
factors determining cattle yield grade
external fat
ribeye area
KPH fat
carcass weight
percent yield 1
> 52.3
percent yield 5
<45.45
T/F fatter animals equals lower yield grade
TRUE
yield grade calculation ribeye
13.8
dressing percentage is affected by what
fill
hide weight
head and shanks
muscling
average cattle dressing percent
62%
T/F fatter animals have a less flat topline
FALSE. fatter animals have a smoother appearance and a wide flat topline
T/F yield grade reflects cutability
TRUE
areas to evaluate muscle in lamb
forearm
shoulder
rack
loin
leg
lamb yield grade calculation
.4+(10 x adjusted fat thickness)
which animal has the lowest dressing percent
lamb
average lamb dressing percent
52%
areas to evaluate fat in pigs
jowls
behind shoulder
over top
rear and fore flank
underline
which animal has highest dressing percent. why?
swine, they are monogastric and skin stays on
average swine dressing percent
72%
muscle scores
3-very thick
2-moderate
1-very thin
heifer
female that has not produced a calf
feedlot
beef cattle enterprise where cattle are placed and fattened for slaughter
global leaders in cattle(with numbers)
india-303m
brazil-244m
china-97m
combo tattoo and ear tag
identification method, permanent tattoo placed in ear along with temporary(plastic ear tag)
fire branding
one of the oldest and most permanent methods of branding
freeze branding
hair in area is discolored due to extreme cold
electronic ear tags
allows animal carcass to be tracked to its origin. they are industry wide and not just for individual producers
purposes for castration
steers are more docile
they will finish/fatten in less time
they can be mixed with females
eliminates inferior genetics
purposes for implanting
-weaning weight of implanted calve is 5-10% higher
-implanted stocker cattle gain 10-15% more
-feeder cattle gain 10-15% more
-feeder cattle are 8-10% more efficient
implanting
placing a steroid pellet in the ear of a young calf
why is testicular development important
scrotal circumference is related to sperm production, fertility and when daughters reach puberty
weaning age of calves
205 day standard
what cow age produces the largest amount of milk
5-10 years old
what adjustments should be made for maternal performance
weaning age of calf
age of dam
sex of calf(males grow faster)
top beef cattle states(in order)
Texas
Nebraska
Kansas
Iowa
Colorado
top cow/calf states
Texas
Missouri
Texas is number one in the nation in..?
total cattle
ranches beef
cows
feedlot cattle
cow calf production
cows and heifers are mated to produce a calf crop
commercial producers sale calves at what age and for what
weaning, sold for the feedlot
purebred/seedstock breeders
produce calves for breeding herd/DNA for AI
stocker operations
use roughage to grow cattle from weaning until ready for feedlot
feedlot production
high concentrate diets in large facility for finishing cattle
