exam 2 Flashcards
Nominal scale
Least precise measurement scale; categorical (ex. Gender, ethnicity, color of eyes)
Ordinal scale
Ranked from highest to lowest (ex. Letter-grading system A, B, C, D, F)
Interval scale
Difference between levels of categories on any part of the scale reflects equal difference in the characteristic (ex. Temperature , IQ)
Ratio scale
A true zero point that reflects an absence of the characteristic measured (ex. Weight, a stats exam score)
Central tendency
Mean, Median, mode
Mean
average of the scores
How to calculate mean
Add up all values then divide that sum by how many numbers are in the data set
Median
Midpoint below which 50% of scores fall
Mode
Most frequent score in a distribution
Variability
How widely scores are spread
Parametric
Assumes normal distribution; compares mean
Non-parametric
Non-normal distribution; small number of cases
T-test
testing differences between 2 groups; independent variable is usually nominal/ordinal and dependent is usually interval/ratio
ANOVA
Analysis of variance; 2+ groups on independent with nominal/ordinal & dependent with interval/ratio
Chi-square
Nominal, ordinal data
Correlation
Depends on level, sample size; used to determine reliability
Quantitative data analysis
T-test, ANOVA, Chi-Square, correlation
Qualitative data analysis
Coding, enumeration, grounded theory, grounded comparison
Coding
Descriptive 1st time through; write-ups & “notes on notes”; organized; spend lots of time with data
Enumeration
Code & count technique; number counts, not %; still uses words (or quotes) to help illustrate & interpret counts
Grounded theory
Inductive approach to research in which patterns or theories are generated solely from an examination of data rather than being derived deductively
Grounded comparison
letting findings emerge from the data by comparing the data & the cases to one another to uncover themes, patterns, & theories (read the data)
What did you do over spring break? check one. (Type of data)
Nominal
Rate the following questions according to the scale provided (Type of data)
Interval
While in college, how many times have you gone on vacation or trip over spring break? (Type of data)
Ratio/interval
Approximately how many miles away from Chapel Hill did you travel over spring break? (Type of data)
Ratio/interval
What is your sex? (Type of data)
Nominal
How old are you? (Type of data)
Ratio/interval
In what state is your hometown located? (Type of data)
Nominal
Approximately how much money did you spend over spring break? (Type of data)
Ratio
Are females more likely to go on spring break than males? (Type of test)
T-test
Does age have any relationship to miles traveled? (Type of test)
Correlation analysis
Does what one did over spring break have a difference to perceptions of fun? (Type of test)
ANOVA
Alpha (a)
0.05
Accept null hypothesis
If p is greater than alpha
Reject null hypothesis
If p is less than alpha
Independent variable
a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure
Dependent variable
something that depends on other factors
