EXAM 2 Flashcards
What is the Apgar scale?
assess’s newborns on color, heart rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and breathing
What is a good Apagar score for newborns?
greater than or equal to 7
What is a bad Apgar score for newborns?
less than or equal to 3
What is the least developed newborn sense?
Vision
How is newborns vision?
see unclearly across a wide range of distances, can detect human faces
What is the Neonatial Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)?
tests newborns reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli
What to the NBAS scores show about a newborn?
scores are used to recommend appropriate interventions and to guide parents in meeting baby’s needs
What is the cephalocaudal trend?
head grows faster than lower part of the body, has control over neck muscles when they are on their stomachs but not legs
What is the proximodistal trend?
grows from center of the body outward, arms and legs can grow faster than hands and feet
What is the process of brain growth?
cell death makes space for neural fibers and synapses, stimulation, synaptic pruning returns neurons to an uncomitted state to support future development
What is marasmus?
diet low in all essential nutrients
What is Kwashiorkor?
unbalanced diet very low in protein
What is classical conditioning?
Requires an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to produce an unconditioned response (UCR)
Example of classical conditioning of dog
UCS: dog food
UCR: dog salivating
Neurtral stimulus: bell while dog eats the food
Conditioned stimulus: bell rings but now dog reacts
Conditioned response: dog hears bell, salivates, and connects bell with getting food
What invented classical conditioning?
Pavlov
What is classical conditioning used for?
cannot be used to teach someone something, the reaction is a biological response
ex: dog salivating
What is operant conditioning?
increase and decrease a behavior by adding a consequence
Example of operant conditioning
If a dog poops on a carpet, you can add a punisher to take stop it or reinforcer to keep it happening
What is a reinforcer?
Increases the occurrence of a response
Positive reinforcer: add something positive to keep it happening (dog treat)
Negative reinforcer: take something away to keep it happening (dogs leash)
What is a punishment?
removing a stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of the response
Positive punishment: adding something to stop behavior (yelling)
Negative punishment: take something away to stop behavior (carpet)
What is habituation?
gradual reduction of strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
What is novelty preference?
an infant showing a new object that is familiar with another one
shows recent memory
What is statical learning?
ability to detect the flow of information by noticing patterns, finding answer to problem with data
How does vision develop?
At 2 months, focusing on objects and adults
At 4 months, adult like color vision
When does binocular depth start
8 weeks, using both eyes to see something
When does pictorial depth start?
3-4 months, seeing a 2D object that looks 3D
What is pattern perception?
newborns prefer complex patterns
What supports pattern perception?
increasing knowledge of objects and actions
What is intermodal perception?
light, sound, tactile, odor, and taste information
facilities both perception of the physical world and social and language processing
What is differentiation theory?
infants actively search for invariant features of the environment in a constantly changing perceptual world
What are Piaget’s ideas about cognitive change?
children can learn from the world around them, learn from what they know and what they discover
What are schemes?
organized ways of making sense of an experience, direct interaction with the environment
Example of schemes
going to the petting zoo, petting and feeding
using all senses to understand and learn: smell of farm, sunshine, goats running
What is adaption?
building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
building connections but doing actual experiences
involves assimilation and accomadation
What is assimilation?
making new information fit in with existing knowledge
Ex: child knows a triangle but not a square and tries to figure it out
What is accommodation?
creating new schemes or adjusting ones
Ex: child has never seen a star before
remodel brain space
What are the key factors of categorizing?
exploring objects and expanding knowledge
adult labelings of sets of objects
What affects the structures of children’s cognitive worlds?
social and cultural contexts
What is under extension?
applying words too narrowly
Ex: doggy is used only for the family dog
What is over extension?
applying words too broadly
Ex: use the word dog for cow and horse
What are self conscious emotions?
feelings that increase or decrease self confidence
What are examples of self conscious emotions?
guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, pride
What is the Structure of Temperament?
Thomas and Chess Model:
-tests on temperament
easy child 40% of sample
difficult child 10%
slow to warm up child 15%
What evidence is found in a shy child?
increased heart rate
higher cortisol concentration in saliva
greater pupil dilation, rise in blood pressure, lower skin surface temp
What is secure attachment?
infant uses parent as a secure base (60% of infants)
What is insecure-avoidant attachment?
infant seems unresponsive to the parent, avoidant at reunion (15%)
What is insecure-resistant attachment?
clinginess combined with angry, resistive behavior (10%)
What is disorganized- disoriented attachment?
contradictory behaviors, reflecting the greatest insecurity (15%)
What are allomothers?
non maternal caregivers who share responsibility for infants
Does child care in infancy threaten attachment security and later adjustment?
might be a risk due to poor quality child care, long hours, and parental role over load
What does fathers affection predict in children?
later cognitive, emotional, and social competence
What factors promote fathers’ involvement?
good relationship with mother, co parenting, physical proximity to child
Between what ages does the brain increase to 90% and undergo reshaping and refining?
between ages of 2 and 6
What makes children susceptible to disease?
poor diet with decreases immune system
Disease contributes to malnutrition and hinders what?
widespread immunization
What do unintentional injuries cause?
leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations
What are factors of childhood injuries?
poverty
child care shortages
teenage parenthood
What is the most flexible means of mental representation?
Language
thinking in words allows dealing with past, present, and future and combining concepts
What was Piaget’s thought about language?
he felt actions are represented mentally, which are then labeled in words
make believe play helps
What is dual presentation?
viewing a symbolic object as an object and a symbol
What is conversation?
idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when there outward appearance changes
What is hierarchical classification?
organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences
What are the 3 principles from Piaget that influence teachers and classrooms?
- Discovery learning involves opportunities for spontaneous interaction with the environment
- Sensitivity to children’s readiness to learn builds on children’s current thinking, challenging their incorrect ways of viewing the world
- Acceptance of individual differences means planning for activities for individual children and small groups
What is private speech?
the child and social environment come together to make cognition in cultural adaptive ways
talking in yourself
How is private speech the foundation for all higher cognitive processes?
used more when tasks are appropriately challenging
with age, internalized as silent, inner speech
used more and over a longer period by children with learning problems
What is Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
unexpected death, usually during the night
can’t control neck muscles and might not be able to breathe
What are environmental factors of SIDS?
Smoking or drugs
Poverty
Sleep on stomachs and wrapped warmly
What is the best way for babies to sleep?
on their backs in light sleep clothing
How does smell help infants?
sense of smell helps mothers and babies identify each other
What is experience- expectant brain growth?
which depends on ordinary experiences
What is experience- dependent brain growth?
additional growth as a result of specific learning experiences
What is the A not B search error?
Searching for an object in the first hiding spot it was in after they saw it move somewhere else
