Exam 2 Flashcards
Achievement Test
An achievement test measures how an individual has learned over time and what the individual has learned by analyzing his present performance.
American Disabilities Act (ADA)
A civil rights law passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public.
Aptitude Test
An aptitude test is an exam used to determine an individual’s skill or propensity to succeed in a given activity.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A condition characterized by persistent difficulties and/or impulsivity that interfere with behavior and performance in multiple settings.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
A family of disorders that range in severity and are marked by social and communication deficits.
Creativity
The ability to transcend traditional ideas, rules, patterns, relationships, or the like, and to create meaningful new ideas, forms, methods, and interpretations.
Developmental Dyscalculia
Mathematics disability.
Developmental Dyslexia
The most commonly diagnosed learning disability which includes difficulty in matching letters to sounds and difficulty in word recognition and spelling.
Developmental Dysgraphia
A specific learning disorder that affects writing abilities.
Education for all handicapped children act (Public Law 94-142)
Passed into law in 1975 the EHA guarantees a free, appropriate public education to every child with a disability.
Inclusion
The practice or policy of providing equal access to opportunities and resources for people who might otherwise be excluded or marginalized, such as those who have physical or mental disabilities and members of other minority groups
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
A plan or program developed to ensure that a child with an identified disability who is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives specialized instruction and related services
Intelligence
The ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations; the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one’s environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria (e.g., tests).
Intelligence Testing
Testing that is designed to measure the aptitude to learn at school and other environments.
Learning Curve
A mathematical concept that graphically depicts how a process is improved over time due to learning and increased proficiency
Least Restrictive Environment
A principle in education where children with special needs are educated in the same classrooms as their peers as much as possible.
Mainstreaming
The integration of children with special educational problems, as a physical handicap, into conventional classes and school activities.
Metamemory
An aspect of metacognition that refers to the understanding of memory and how to use strategies to enhance memory.
Multiple Intelligences
Gardner’s theory that human intelligence is composed of a varied set of abilities, specifically eight, including linguistic intelligence (words), interpersonal intelligence (interacting with others), and intrapersonal intelligence (knowledge of oneself).
Section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973
A civil rights law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. This law applies to public elementary and secondary schools, among other entities.
Specific Learning Disability
Disorder that affects the ability to understand or use spoken language, perform mathematical calculations, coordinate movements, and direct attention.
Test Norms
Scores from standardized tests given to representative samples of students who will later take the same test. Norms provide a way for teachers to know what scores are typical (or average) for students in a given grade.
Achievement Motivation
The willingness to persist at challenging tasks and meet high standards of accomplishment.
Aggression
An indirect or direct response, often harmful and/or hostile, in social interaction with another individual.
Aggressive Behavior
Behavior that harms or violates the rights of others; can be physical or relational.
Antisocial Behavior
Behavior that shows no regard for right and wrong, ignores the rights and feelings of others.
Conduct Disorder
Refers to a group of behavioral and emotional problems characterized by a disregard for others.
Confidentiality
The principle and practice of keeping sensitive information private unless the owner or custodian of that sensitive information gives explicit permission for it to be shared with a third party.
Conventional Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg’s second stage, where moral decisions are based on the approval of one’s peers, reputation, and what is legal vs. illegal
Deindividuation
Diener’s theory that the less identifiable an individual becomes, the more immoral actions that person will engage in.
External Attribution
Emphasizing external behaviors that cannot be controlled as causes of an outcome (e.g., blaming a bad test score on the teacher).
Heinz’ Dilemma
The most famous of Kohlberg’s ethical dilemmas, in which a fictional person named Heinz is faced with stealing with a drug and breaking the law versus the risk of losing his wife.
Industry Vs. Inferiority
Erikson’s fourth stage in which children attempt new skills, develop feelings of competence in their success or develop feelings of incompetence/failure.
Instrumental Aggression
Behavior that hurts someone else in order to achieve a goal such as gaining a possession.
Internal Attribution
Emphasizing one’s own role influence as the cause of the outcome (e.g., blaming a bad test score on not studying enough before the test).
Learned Helplessness
An orientation characterized by a fixed mindset and the attribution of poor performance to internal factors, basically becoming hopeless and giving up.
Mandated Reporter
Any professional who is ethically and legally obligated to report suspected child maltreatment to law enforcement, child protective services, etc.
Moral Dilemma
A decision where at least two options are available, both options have potential negative consequences, and the ultimate action is viewed as the “right” thing to do.
Morality
A system of learned attitudes about social practices, institutions, individual behavior which helps us evaluate situations where we ask ourselves “What should I do?” or “What does a good person?”
Post Conventional moral reasoning
Kohlberg’s third level of moral reasoning that emphasizes making decisions based on principles and beliefs, rather than peers and pressure.
Pre-Conventional Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg’s first level of moral reasoning in which children’s behavior is governed by punishment and gaining rewards, primarily from parents.
Relational Aggression
Nonphysical acts aimed at harming a person’s connections with others, such as by exclusion and rumor spreading.
Superego
The moral part of personality according to Sigmund Freud.
Adolescent Egocentrism
A characteristic of adolescent thinking in which one has difficulty separating others’ perspectives from your own
Adolescent Growth Spurt
The first outward sign of puberty, refers to a rapid gain in height and weight that generally begins in girls at about age 10 and in boys at about age 12.
Imaginary Audience
A manifestation of adolescent egocentrism in a person assumes that s/he is consistently the focus of everyone else’s attention.
Menarche
A girl’s first menstrual period.
Menstruation
The monthly shedding of the uterine lining, which has thickened in preparation for the implantation of a fertilized egg.
Personal Fable
A manifestation of adolescent egocentrism in which adolescents believe their thoughts, feelings, and experiences are more unique and special that anyone else’s.
Primary Sex Characteristics
The reproductive organs; in females, the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina; in males, the penis, testes, scrotum, vesicles, and prostate gland.
Puberty
The biological transition to adulthood in which hormones cause the body to physically mature and permit sexual reproduction.
Spermarche
A boy’s first ejaculation of sperm.
Stress
A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances.
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of body image.
Binge-Eating Disorder
An eating disorder characterized by binges, consuming an abnormally large amounts of food in a single sitting coupled with a feeling of being out of control.
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a large quantity of food is consumed in a short period of time, typically resulting in feelings of guilt and shame, as well as induced vomiting.
Care Orientation
Carole Gilligan’s feminine mode of moral reasoning, characterized by a desire to maintain relationships and a responsibility to avoid hurting others.
Depression
Characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and frustration; changes in sleep and eating habits; problems with motivation and concentration.
Eating Disorder
Mental disorder that is characterized by extreme over- and under-control of eating and behaviors intended to control weight such as compulsive exercise, dieting, or purging.
Ethnic-Racial Identity
A sense of membership to a racial or ethnic group and viewing the attitudes and practices associated with that group as an enduring part of the self.
Identity
The set of qualities that make one person or group different from others, which can include political identity (e.g., liberal vs. conservative), religious identity (e.g., theistic vs. atheistic), and sexual identity (emotional and sexual attraction to other people).
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erikson’s psychosocial crisis that occurs in adolescence and emerging adulthood, where the individual begins to question, doubt, and even dissent the beliefs and values adopted from family of origin.
Identity Confusion/Diffusion
The identity state in which an individual has not undergone exploration (i.e., no crisis) or committed to self-chosen values and goals.
Identity Foreclosure
The identity state in which an individual has not undergone exploration (i.e., no crisis) but has committed to values and goals chosen by an authority figure.
Identity Status
According to James Marcia, the degree to which individuals have explored alternatives (“crisis”) and made decisions about themselves (“commitment”).
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Religiousness
The degree to which one’s motivation to engage in religious behavior and associate with religious groups based on internal factors (e.g., desire for truth) versus external factors (e.g., family approval).
Justice Orientation
Carole Gilligan’s male model of moral reasoning that emphasizes the abstract principles of fairness and individualism.
Post Conventional Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg’s third stage, where moral decisions are based on one’s beliefs and principles.
Psychological Moratorium
The identity state in which an individual has undergone exploration (i.e., crisis) but has not yet committed to self-chosen values and goals.
Religiosity
Involves an organized entity with rituals and practices focused on a higher power or God.
Spirituality
Involves a personal quest for meaning in life with beliefs that may or may not be tied to the supernatural.
