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sociology 101 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

intersectionality

A

a sociological perspective that says that our membership of multiple groups affect out lives in ways that are distinct from being in any single group

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2
Q

gender binary

A

the classificaiton of sex and gender into two completely separate masc and femme groups

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3
Q

sex

A

the biological and anatomical differences distinguishing male and femal

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4
Q

nonbinary

A

a gender identitity that isn’t male or female

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5
Q

intersex

A

encompass those who possess both male and female genitalia and those with ambiguous genitalia

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6
Q

gender

A

social expectations of behavior regarded as appropriate for members of sex

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7
Q

biological essentialism

A

the view that differences between male and female are natural and inevitable

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8
Q

gender socialization

A

the learning of gender roles through social factors

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9
Q

social construction of gender

A

a perspective holding that gender differences are a product of sical and cultural norms, rather than biology

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10
Q

transgender

A

gender identity differs from assigned sex

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11
Q

cisgender

A

gender identity matches assigned sex

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12
Q

essentialist theory of gender

A

gender roles reflect biological differences

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13
Q

constructionalist theory of gender

A

gender is created and learned through gender socialization

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14
Q

functionalist theory of gender

A

gender differences contribute to social stability and integration

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15
Q

conflict theory of gender

A

social problems are created when dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups

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16
Q

symbolic interactionist theory of gender

A

focused on the meaning associated with sexuality and sexual orientation

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17
Q

patriarchy

A

male dominance in a society

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18
Q

gender inequality

A

the differences in power, status, and prestige and men and women have in groups

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19
Q

feminist theory

A

emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and the experiences of women

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20
Q

liberal feminism

A

looks for explanations of gender inequality in socail and cultural attitudes

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21
Q

radical feminism

A

the belied that men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women

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22
Q

black feminist theory

A

a strand of feminist theory that highlights the multiple disadvantages of race, class, and gender

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23
Q

transnational feminism

A

highlights the ways in global processes shape gender relationships

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24
Q

gender-typing

A

designation of occupations as male or female

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25
Q

sex segregation

A

the concentration od men and women in different occupations

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26
Q

glass ceiling

A

a promotion barrier that prevents women’s upward mobility in an occupation

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27
Q

glass escalator

A

men have the privilege of moving up in women-dominated fields

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28
Q

second shift

A

disporportionate share of labor after working

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29
Q

motherhood penalty

A

mothers are less likely to be hired

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30
Q

ethnicity

A

a type of social identity related to cultural values and norms that distinguish the member of a given group from others

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31
Q

minority group

A

a group of people who find themselves in a disadvantages position in their society

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32
Q

dominant group

A

the group that possesses more wealth, power, and prestige in a society

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33
Q

prejudice

A

opinions or attitudes held towards a group and their members by another group

34
Q

racism

A

prejudice on the basis of race

35
Q

stereotyping

A

a fixed and inflexible category, and thinking only in terms of it

36
Q

displacement

A

the transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to something else

37
Q

scapegoats

A

individuals or groups blamed for wrongs that are not their doing

38
Q

optional (symbolic) ethnicity

A

many whites “opt-out) of ethnicity, until its fun

39
Q

race

A

differences in human characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals

40
Q

racial formation

A

the process by which social, political, and economic forces determine the content and importance of racial categories

41
Q

ethnocentrism

A

a suspicion of outsiders combined with a tendency to evaluate cultures in terms of one’s own

42
Q

racialization

A

process by which individuals are assigned to categories

43
Q

social construction of race

A

sociologists reject that race is essential. It varies between cultures and time

44
Q

individual racism

A

individual prejudice on the basis of race

45
Q

institutional racism

A

patterns of discrimination based on race that have become structured into social institutions

46
Q

covert racism

A

racial discrimination that is concealed and subtle rather than obvious or public

47
Q

overt racism

A

the racism that is manifested in individuals’ attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs

48
Q

privilege

A

when one group has something of value that is denied to others based on group membership

49
Q

white privilege

A

unacknlowdged and unmerited aspects that benefit white people everyday

50
Q

racial ideology

A

a system of ideas that interprets and defines the meanings of racial differences, real or imagined, in terms of system or cultural values

51
Q

colorblind racism

A

a form of racism exemplified by those who profess “not to see color” or racial differences

52
Q

IQ based explanation of inequality

A

in the past, scholars have looked to intelligence to explain and justify inequality

53
Q

economic explanation of inequality

A

the cause of poverty is subsequent generations experience the same lack of economic opportunity

54
Q

cultural explanation of inequality

A

inequalities are determined by cultures

55
Q

social stratification

A

the existence of structured inequalities among groups in society in terms of their access to rewards

56
Q

social inequality

A

differential distribution of wealth, prestige, power, and other resources throughout society

57
Q

principles of stratification

A

rankings apply to social categories of people, life experiences and opportunities depend heavily on ranking, rank of social categories tend to change slowly

58
Q

slavery

A

an extreme form of inequality in which certain people are owned as property

59
Q

caste

A

a system in which one’s social status is determined at birth and set for life

60
Q

class

A

a large group of people who have a similar economic position in society

61
Q

functionalist theory of stratification

A

societies need stratification to distribute members into roles and induce role performance

62
Q

conflict theory of stratification

A

class determined by one’s relation to means of production

63
Q

weberian theory of stratification

A

class divisions derive from means of production and economic differences, status is another aspect, and social classes differ with respect to their power

64
Q

status

A

differences among groups in terms of prestige they have among others

65
Q

social mobility

A

movement upward and downward in the class structure

66
Q

absolute poverty

A

lacking resources needed to get basic human needs, such as food and shelter

67
Q

relative poverty

A

being poor relative to others in the society

68
Q

theories of poverty

A

theories that see poor individuals as responsible for their status, and theories that view poverty and produced and reproduced by structural forces in society

69
Q

bell curve theory of inequality

A

intelligence is genetic and distributed unevenly, thus life outcomes are determined by intelligence and genetics

70
Q

inequality by design theory

A

success in life is not determined by intelligence, social policy and environment determine life outcomes

71
Q

globalization

A

the increased economic, political, and social interconnectedness of the world

72
Q

global inequality

A

the systematic differences in wealth and power among countries, resulting from globalization

73
Q

neoliberalism

A

the economic belief that free-market forces, elimination of government restrictions on business, provide economic growth

74
Q

modernizasiton theory of inequality

A

low-income societies could become “modern” by adopting modern institutions that emphasize saving and investment

75
Q

market-oriented theory

A

assumes that the best possible economic consequences will result if individuals are free to make their own economic decisions, without government interference

76
Q

dependency theory

A

the poverty of low-income countries stems from their exploitation by wealthy countries

77
Q

dependent development

A

poor countries can still develop economically, but only in ways shaped by their reliance

78
Q

world-systems analysis

A

emphasized the interconnections among countries based on the expansion of the capitalist economy

79
Q

global capitalism

A

a transnational capitalist class is increasingly the major player in global economy today

80
Q

transnational capitalist class

A

a social class whose economic interests are global rather than national

sociology 101 (1 decks)

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