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EHS 462 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms.

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2
Q

Biotransformation

A

The possible effects of a medication absorbed into the body.

  1. An inactive substance can become active
  2. An active med can be changed into another active medication
  3. An active medication may be completely or partially inactivated
  4. A medication is transformed into a substance (active or inactive) that is easier for the body to eliminate
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3
Q

Bioavailability

A

The % of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation.

IV: 100% bioavailability
IO: Similar to IV
IM: 75-100% bioavailability
SL: Low bioavailability
Rectal: >90% bioavailability

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The activity of medications in the body over time, such as absorption, distribution, and elimination.

How the body affects a drug

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5
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanisms of action of a medication in the body

How a drug affects our body

Described by:
Onset, Peak, and Duration (of action)

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6
Q

Synergism

A

Two medications with a similar effect combine to produce an effect greater than the sum of the medications’ effects

1+1>2

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7
Q

Summation

A

Two medications with a similar effect combine to produce an effect equal to the sum of the individual effect of each medication

1+1=2

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8
Q

Potentiation

A

The effect of one medication is greatly enhanced by the presence of another medication, which does not have the ability to produce the same effect

Ex. Promethazine is given to increase the effects of antitussives for more improved relief of cough than is achieved with antitussives alone

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9
Q

Antagonism

A

Two medications, each producing opposite effects, are present simultaneously, resulting in minimal or no clinical changes

Cancel each other out

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10
Q

Agonist

A

Initiate or alter cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cell response

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11
Q

Antagonist

A

Prevent agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor cite and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity

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12
Q

Competitive Binder

A

Temporarily binds to receptor cite

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13
Q

Affinity

A

The ability of a medication to bind to a specific receptor site

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14
Q

Immune-Mediated Response

A

Substances trigger an exaggerated response from the body’s immune system

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15
Q

Indication

A

A circumstance that shows cause for the pathology or treatment of a disease; serves as a guide or warning

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16
Q

Mechanism of Action

A

How a medication produces the intended response

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17
Q

Contraindication

A

Any condition that is known to render some particular line of treatment that is improper or undesirable

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18
Q

Adverse Effect

A

Any abnormal or harmful effects caused by exposure to a chemical

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19
Q

Onset

A

How long it takes for the med to enter the body and take effect

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20
Q

Peak

A

Estimated amount of time that the medication will have the greatest effect on the patient/system

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21
Q

Duration of Action

A

Estimated amount of time that medication will have an effect on the body

22
Q

Dosage

A

The average volume or dose of a medication administered to patient to obtain intended effect

23
Q

Class of Medication

A

The grouping to which a medication belongs

24
Q

Incompatibilities

A

Problems that may occur when two or more medications are administered together; at the same time or through the same delivery device

25
Q

Inotropic

A

The effect on the contractility of muscle tissue, especially cardiac muscle

26
Q

Chronotropic

A

Related to the effect of the rate of contraction of the heart

27
Q

Dromotropic

A

Related to the effect of conduction speed/velocity on the heart

28
Q

First-pass Metabolism

A

When the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches systemic circulation

29
Q

Metabolite

A

A medication that has undergone biotransformation.

Active metabolite: Able to alter a cellular process or body function
Inactive metabolite: No longer able to alter a cell process or body function; not pharmacologically active

30
Q

First-Order Elimination

A

The process in which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance

The more substance in the plasma, the more the body works to eliminate the substance

31
Q

Plasma-Binding

A

Medication molecules attach to proteins in the blood plasma and as a result alters the distribution of certain medications throughout the body

32
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

The relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose

33
Q

Therapeutic Threshold

A

The range in which a medication is effective without unacceptable adverse events

34
Q

Loading Dose

A

An initial higher dose of a drug given at the beginning of treatment before dropping down to a lower maintenance dose

35
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Any response of the body to any substance to which a patient has increased sensitivity. A generic term for a variety of reactions.

Allergy: hypersensitivity to the presence of an allergen
Autoimmunity: production of antibodies or t cells that work against the tissues of one’s own body, producing hypersensitive reactions or autoimmune disease
Isoimmunity: The formation of T cells or antibodies directed against the antigens on another person’s cells (typically after transplants)

36
Q

Habituation

A

The unusual tolerance of the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical

A physical and psychological dependence on a drug

37
Q

Addiction

A

A chronic disorder characterized by the compulsive use of a substance that results in physical, psychological, economic, legal, or social harm to the user; the user continues to use the substance despite the harm

38
Q

Tolerance

A

Physiological adaptation to the effects of a drug that increasingly larger doses of the drug are required to achieve the same effect

39
Q

Idiosyncratic Reaction

A

Adverse effects that are completely unexpected and not previously known

40
Q

Iatrogenic Response

A

Related to a side effect or complication of medications or other medical treatment

41
Q

Dopaminergic Receptor Sites

A

Vasodilation of renal and mesenteric arteries

42
Q

Nicotinic Receptor Sites

A

Present at neuromuscular junction, allowing ACh to stimulate muscle contraction

43
Q

Muscarinic-2 Receptor Sites

A

Present in the heart; activated by ACh to offset stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, decreasing HR, contractility, and electrical conduction velocity

44
Q

Opioid Receptor Sites

A

Present in central and peripheral nervous system, bowels, and various tissues. Activated by opioid substances to produce analgesia (the inability to feel pain), euphoria, respiratory depression (when the lungs fail to exchange O2 and CO2 efficiently), and other clinical effects

45
Q

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor

A

Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins

46
Q

Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor

A

Insulin restriction, glucagon secretion, inhibition of norepinephrine release

47
Q

Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptor

A

Positive Chronotropic, Positive Inotropic, Positive Dromotropic, and Renin secretion for urinary retention

48
Q

Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor

A

Bronchodilation, Insulin Secretion, Uterine relaxation, and arterial dilation in certain key organs

49
Q

Schedule 1 Medications

A

High abuse potential; no recognized medical purpose

Ex. Heroin, marijuana, LSD

50
Q

Schedule 2 Medications

A

High abuse potential; legitimate medical purpose

Ex. Fentynyl, Methylphenidate, Cocaine

51
Q

Schedule 3 Medications

A

Lower potential for abuse than schedule II medications

Ex. Hydrocodone, Acetametaphine w/ Codine, Ketamine

52
Q

Schedule 4 Medications

A

Lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs

Ex. Diazepam and Lorazepam

EHS 462 (7 decks)

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