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EHS 462 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms.

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2
Q

Biotransformation

A

The possible effects of a medication absorbed into the body.

  1. An inactive substance can become active
  2. An active med can be changed into another active medication
  3. An active medication may be completely or partially inactivated
  4. A medication is transformed into a substance (active or inactive) that is easier for the body to eliminate
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3
Q

Bioavailability

A

The % of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation.

IV: 100% bioavailability
IO: Similar to IV
IM: 75-100% bioavailability
SL: Low bioavailability
Rectal: >90% bioavailability

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The activity of medications in the body over time, such as absorption, distribution, and elimination.

How the body affects a drug

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5
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanisms of action of a medication in the body

How a drug affects our body

Described by:
Onset, Peak, and Duration (of action)

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6
Q

Synergism

A

Two medications with a similar effect combine to produce an effect greater than the sum of the medications’ effects

1+1>2

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7
Q

Summation

A

Two medications with a similar effect combine to produce an effect equal to the sum of the individual effect of each medication

1+1=2

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8
Q

Potentiation

A

The effect of one medication is greatly enhanced by the presence of another medication, which does not have the ability to produce the same effect

Ex. Promethazine is given to increase the effects of antitussives for more improved relief of cough than is achieved with antitussives alone

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9
Q

Antagonism

A

Two medications, each producing opposite effects, are present simultaneously, resulting in minimal or no clinical changes

Cancel each other out

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10
Q

Agonist

A

Initiate or alter cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cell response

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11
Q

Antagonist

A

Prevent agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor cite and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity

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12
Q

Competitive Binder

A

Temporarily binds to receptor cite

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13
Q

Affinity

A

The ability of a medication to bind to a specific receptor site

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14
Q

Immune-Mediated Response

A

Substances trigger an exaggerated response from the body’s immune system

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15
Q

Indication

A

A circumstance that shows cause for the pathology or treatment of a disease; serves as a guide or warning

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16
Q

Mechanism of Action

A

How a medication produces the intended response

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17
Q

Contraindication

A

Any condition that is known to render some particular line of treatment that is improper or undesirable

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18
Q

Adverse Effect

A

Any abnormal or harmful effects caused by exposure to a chemical

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19
Q

Onset

A

How long it takes for the med to enter the body and take effect

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20
Q

Peak

A

Estimated amount of time that the medication will have the greatest effect on the patient/system

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21
Q

Duration of Action

A

Estimated amount of time that medication will have an effect on the body

22
Q

Dosage

A

The average volume or dose of a medication administered to patient to obtain intended effect

23
Q

Class of Medication

A

The grouping to which a medication belongs

24
Q

Incompatibilities

A

Problems that may occur when two or more medications are administered together; at the same time or through the same delivery device

25
Inotropic
The effect on the contractility of muscle tissue, especially cardiac muscle
26
Chronotropic
Related to the effect of the rate of contraction of the heart
27
Dromotropic
Related to the effect of conduction speed/velocity on the heart
28
First-pass Metabolism
When the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches systemic circulation
29
Metabolite
A medication that has undergone biotransformation. Active metabolite: Able to alter a cellular process or body function Inactive metabolite: No longer able to alter a cell process or body function; not pharmacologically active
30
First-Order Elimination
The process in which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance The more substance in the plasma, the more the body works to eliminate the substance
31
Plasma-Binding
Medication molecules attach to proteins in the blood plasma and as a result alters the distribution of certain medications throughout the body
32
Therapeutic Index
The relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose
33
Therapeutic Threshold
The range in which a medication is effective without unacceptable adverse events
34
Loading Dose
An initial higher dose of a drug given at the beginning of treatment before dropping down to a lower maintenance dose
35
Hypersensitivity
Any response of the body to any substance to which a patient has increased sensitivity. A generic term for a variety of reactions. Allergy: hypersensitivity to the presence of an allergen Autoimmunity: production of antibodies or t cells that work against the tissues of one's own body, producing hypersensitive reactions or autoimmune disease Isoimmunity: The formation of T cells or antibodies directed against the antigens on another person's cells (typically after transplants)
36
Habituation
The unusual tolerance of the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical A physical and psychological dependence on a drug
37
Addiction
A chronic disorder characterized by the compulsive use of a substance that results in physical, psychological, economic, legal, or social harm to the user; the user continues to use the substance despite the harm
38
Tolerance
Physiological adaptation to the effects of a drug that increasingly larger doses of the drug are required to achieve the same effect
39
Idiosyncratic Reaction
Adverse effects that are completely unexpected and not previously known
40
Iatrogenic Response
Related to a side effect or complication of medications or other medical treatment
41
Dopaminergic Receptor Sites
Vasodilation of renal and mesenteric arteries
42
Nicotinic Receptor Sites
Present at neuromuscular junction, allowing ACh to stimulate muscle contraction
43
Muscarinic-2 Receptor Sites
Present in the heart; activated by ACh to offset stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, decreasing HR, contractility, and electrical conduction velocity
44
Opioid Receptor Sites
Present in central and peripheral nervous system, bowels, and various tissues. Activated by opioid substances to produce analgesia (the inability to feel pain), euphoria, respiratory depression (when the lungs fail to exchange O2 and CO2 efficiently), and other clinical effects
45
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor
Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins
46
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor
Insulin restriction, glucagon secretion, inhibition of norepinephrine release
47
Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptor
Positive Chronotropic, Positive Inotropic, Positive Dromotropic, and Renin secretion for urinary retention
48
Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor
Bronchodilation, Insulin Secretion, Uterine relaxation, and arterial dilation in certain key organs
49
Schedule 1 Medications
High abuse potential; no recognized medical purpose Ex. Heroin, marijuana, LSD
50
Schedule 2 Medications
High abuse potential; legitimate medical purpose Ex. Fentynyl, Methylphenidate, Cocaine
51
Schedule 3 Medications
Lower potential for abuse than schedule II medications Ex. Hydrocodone, Acetametaphine w/ Codine, Ketamine
52
Schedule 4 Medications
Lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs Ex. Diazepam and Lorazepam

EHS 462 (7 decks)

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