Exam 2 Flashcards
An early Devonian tetrapodomorph fish that showed features resembling both sarcopterygian fishes and tetrapodal vertebrates.
Tiktaalik
The gill cover. Lost feature evolving from sea to land.
Operculum
An extraembryonic membrane present in all vertebrates that encloses the yolk.
Yolk Sac
One of the extraembryonic membranes of amniotes; the outer membrane surrounding the contents of the egg.
Chorion
One of the extraembryonic membranes of amniotes; the inner membrane surrounding the embryo.
Amnion
One of the extraembryonic membranes of amniotes; stores embryonic wastes and fuses with the chorion to form the chorioallantoic membrane, which functions in gas exchange.
Allantois
Openings in the skull of amniote tetrapods, through which muscles pass from the skull roof to the lower jaw.
Temporal Fenestration
Describes a skull with no temporal fenestrations.
Anapsid
Describes a skull with a single lower temporal fenestration on each side.
Synapsid
Describes a skull with two temporal fenestrations (upper and lower) on each side.
Diaspsid
A solid rod of bone formed by fused posterior vertebrae.
Urostyle
folds in the skin that encircle or partly encircle the body.
Annuli
A chemosensory organ in the roof of the mouth of tetrapods.
Vomeronasal organ
A packet of sperm transferred from male to female during mating of most salamanders.
Spermatophore
A mating system in which the breeding season is very short.
Explosive Breeding
A mating system in which the breeding season can last for months.
Prolonged Breeding
Vocalizations used by individuals to announce their presence, such as mating calls and territorial calls.
Advertisement Calls
A vascularized area in the pelvic region of anurans where most of the uptake of water occurs.
Pelvic Patch
Having a character, such as color, sound, odor, or behavior, that advertises an organism’s noxious properties.
Aposematic
Articular processes formed by the neural arch of a vertebra.
Zygapophyses
The condition in which the relative sizes of parts of the body change during ontogenetic growth.
Allometry
Scrolls of thin bone within the olfactory system.
Ethmoturbinates
A chemosensory organ in the roof of the mouth of tetrapods.
Vomeronasal Organ
The neural mechanism that senses the positions of the limbs in space.
Proprioception
Control of body temperature.
Thermoregulation
The end of the continuum of thermoregulatory modes at which most of the energy used to raise body temperature comes from internal sources.
Endothermy
The end of the continuum of thermoregulatory modes at which most of the energy used to raise body temperature comes from external sources.
Ectothermy
what are the two types of Heterothermy
Regional heterothermy and Temporal heterothermy
maintaining different temperatures in different parts of the body
Regional heterothermy
changing the setpoint of temperature regulation, as in hibernation.
Temporal heterothermy
The diversification of terrestrial organisms in the mid-Cretaceous, marking the point at which diversity on land outstripped that in the oceans.
Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR):
A situation in which feedback among multiple processes drives a population into an irreversible spiral to extinction.
Extinction Vortex:
A distinctive joint in the middle of the tarsus (ankle), between proximal and distal rows of tarsal bones; the axis of bending in the foot is a simple hinge.
Mesotarsal Joint:
A type of mesotarsal ankle joint in which the main articulation is a peg on the astragalus fitting into a socket on the calcaneum.
Crocodyloid Joint:
A lung in which gas exchange occurs in spherical closedended chambers at the ends of a series of treelike dichotomous branches of the airways. Airflow in alveolar lungs is tidal.
Alveolar Lung
A lung in which gas exchange occurs in cuplike chambers (faveoli) lining the walls of the airways. Air flows in one direction in faveolar lungs—from posterior to anterior.
Faveolar Lung
The third level (smallest) air passages in faveolar lungs.
Parabronchi
Interconnected small tubes that radiate from the parabronchi; gas exchange occurs in faveoli in the walls of the air capillaries.
Air Capillaries
An anatomical arrangement of air passages and blood vessels in which air and blood pass in opposite directions, but do not follow parallel pathways as they do in a counter-current exchange system.
Cross-Current Exchange System
Spaces in the respiratory passages of sauropsids with faveolar lungs in which air is briefly stored during through-flow lung ventilation.
Air Sacs
A hypothesis proposing that the adaptive value of endothermy lies in permitting nocturnal activity.
Thermogenic Opportunity Model
A hypothesis proposing that the adaptive value of endothermy lies in the faster rates of biochemical and physiological processes at high temperature.
Warmer is Better Model
A hypothesis proposing that endothermy is a consequence of selection for high rates of aerobic metabolism that support high levels of physical activity.
Aerobic Scope Model
A hypothesis proposing that endothermy is a consequence of selection acting on the effect of high maternal body temperature on embryonic development and parental care of young.
Parental Care Model
A hypothalamic hormone released in response to increased blood osmolality or reduced blood volume that promotes recovery of water by the kidney.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
Tubular proteins that form water channels through plasma membranes.
Aquaporins:
Photoreceptors in the retina sensitive to a wide range of wavelengths; used to perceive low levels of light but not for high visual acuity.
Rod Cells:
Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to a narrow range of wavelengths (different types of cones are sensitive to different wavelengths); used to perceive colors and for visual acuity.
Cone Cells
The new portion of the cerebrum in the forebrain of mammals, with a distinctive six-layered structure; site of higher-order brain functions such as cognition.
Neocortex
The dorsal portion of the shell of a turtle.
Carapace
The ventral portion of the shell of a turtle.
Plastron
Turtles that bend the neck vertically to retract the head.
Cryptodires
Turtles that bend the neck horizontally to retract the head.
Pleurodires
A period of arrested embryonic development.
Diapause
The situation in which the sex of an individual is determined by heteromorphic sex chromosomes; e.g., XX/XY for mammals, ZZ/ZW for birds.
Genetic Sex Determination (GSD):
A non-genetic sex-determining mode in which the temperature of an embryo during development determines the sex of the individual.
Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination (TSD):
A type of foot in which the toes are arranged in two opposable groups.
Zygodactylous:
Specialized for burrowing.
Fossorial
Folds in the skin that encircle or partly encircle the body.
Annuli
what are the 4 types of snake movements
Lateral Undulation, Concertina Locomotion, Rectilinear Motion, Sidewinding
The body is thrown into a series of curves. All snakes employ this mode of locomotion.
Lateral Undulation
Used in narrow passages such as rodent burrows that do not provide space for the broad curves of lateral undulation.
Concertina Locomotion
Used primarily by heavy-bodied snakes such as large vipers, boas, and pythons. Rectilinear locomotion is slow, but it is effective even when there are no surface irregularities strong enough to resist the sideward force exerted by lateral undulation
Rectilinear Motion
Used primarily by snakes in deserts, where windblown sand substrate slips away during lateral undulation. Because the snake’s body is extended nearly perpendicular to its line of travel, sidewinding is an effective means of locomotion only for small snakes that live in habitats with few plants or other obstacles.
Sidewinding
what are the three types of snake teeth
Opisthoglyphous, Proteroglyphous, Solenoglyphous
Having enlarged teeth (fangs) in the rear of the upper jaw.
Opisthoglyphous
Of snakes, having enlarged teeth (fangs) in the front of the upper jaw.
Proteroglyphou
Of snakes, having enlarged teeth (fangs) in the front of the upper jaw that rotate when the mouth is open.
Solenoglyphous
what are the 4 types of Predator Avoidance and Defense
Crypsis, Deterrence, Autotomy, Venom and Poison
what avoidance and defense is Camouflage
Crypsis
what avoidance and defense is Preventing a predator from yeeting you after it has spotted you.D
Deterrence
avoidance and defense is Sacrificing a body part (e.g., tail, skin, limb) to escape from a predator.
Autotomy
A mode of reproduction in which a female deposits eggs that develop outside her body.
Oviparity
The reproductive mode in which the mother gives birth to fully formed young.
Viviparity
Of neonates, well developed and capable of locomotion soon after birth or hatching.
Precocial
Reproduction by females without fertilization of the ova by males.
Parthenogenesis
The range of body temperatures an animal (especially an ectotherm) maintains during the part of the day when it is thermoregulating.
Activity Temperature Range
