Exam 2

Question 1

Capsules

Answer 1

Basic structure: a fairly disorganized sticky slime layer

Chemical composition: short chain polysaccharides

Function:
1) used for adherence (fasten) to host or other substrates
2) used for anti-desiccation
3) used for resistance to host immune system

Question 2

Fimbriae

Answer 2

Basic structure: “short body hair”
Chemical composition: fimbrillin
Function: used to fasten bacteria to their substrate

Question 3

Pili

Answer 3

Basic structure: long hair like structure
Chemical composition: pilin protein
Function: used to fasten themselves to other bacteria

Question 4

Flagellum

Answer 4

Basic structure: whip-like motility device, flagellum is latin for whip
Chemical composition:
Function: used for taxis
* simple than eukaryotic flagella. Posted out of the membrane.

Question 5

Plasmids

Answer 5

Basic structure: small rings of additional DNA, have only a few genes on them
Chemical composition: deoxyribonucleic acid
Function: may code for a specific enzyme or structural protein

Question 6

Endospores

Answer 6

Desiccated package of bacteria DNA and ribosomes surrounded by protein coat

Question 7

Binary fission

Answer 7

asexual reproduction (in bacteria) extremely rapid reproduction, rapid mutation rate

Question 8

Transformation

Answer 8

bacterial cells will scavenge and use loose bacterial DNA floating in the environment

Question 9

obligate anaerobe

Answer 9

• Organisms that use fermentation only or anaerobic respiration
• Used NO3- or SO4-2 instead of O2
• Oxygen is toxic to their metabolism

Question 10

obligate aerobe

Answer 10

organisms that can only use aerobic (oxygen-based) cellular respiration

Question 11

Facultative anaerobe

Answer 11

Organisms that use aerobic respiration if O2 is present. Fermentation or anaerobic respiration if O2 is not present

Question 12

Heterocyst

Answer 12

specialized cells that do nothing but fix nitrogen, other cells run photosynthesis

Question 13

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 13

*Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
*Nitrogen fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium, live on the root hairs of plants forming root nodules.

Question 14

which bacterial group is responsible to the most common human sexually transmitted disease on Earth?

Answer 14

Chlamydias, Chlamydiota

Question 15

Halophile

Answer 15

saline-loving

Question 16

Thermophile

Answer 16

heat loving

Question 17

Psychrophile

Answer 17

cold loving

Question 18

Acidophile

Answer 18

acid loving

Question 19

Alkaliphile

Answer 19

alkaline loving

Question 20

Methanogen

Answer 20

found in the digestive tracts of animals such as sheep cattle, deer, and primates. Including human beings where they are responsible for the methane content of Flatulence

Question 21

Substrate

Answer 21

the surface upon which an organism is situated

Question 22

Producer

Answer 22

Organisms that form organic matter by taking energy from abiotic (non-living) sources to make sugar or other organic compounds

Question 23

decomposer

Answer 23

Soil bacteria that break down decaying vegetation and animal flesh. Many breakdown pesticides and pollutants in retain nutrients, preventing the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

Question 24

pathogen

Answer 24

Organisms that cause disease

Question 25

mutualist

Answer 25

Organisms that interact with one another such that benefits are obtained by each organism, the most well-known mutualists are the nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Question 26

Autotroph

Answer 26

organisms that drive energy and matter from non-organismic sources

Question 27

Heterotroph

Answer 27

organisms that drive energy and matter from other organisms also called consumers

Question 28

Gametophyte

Answer 28

(N) function is to produce gamete sec cells, have both sperm-producing antheridia and egg-producing archegonia

Question 29

Sporophyte

Answer 29

(2N) function is to create spores that will in turn produce gametophytes

Question 30

Parasite

Answer 30

feeding off a host organism at the expense of that host

Question 31

Mitosome

Answer 31

double membraned organelles that lack true electron chains and have no known function

Question 32

Hydrogenosome

Answer 32

small microbodies possessing enzymes that add phosphate to ADP directly. (Do not use oxygen)

Question 33

Mitochondrion

Answer 33

theorized to have formed due to endosymbiosis much earlier, it is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells to generate large quantities of energy in the form of ATP.

Question 34

Mixotroph

Answer 34

an organism that can act either as an autotroph, or a heterotroph, or both at the same time

Question 35

Vector

Answer 35

avenue of disease transmission

Question 36

Planktonic

Answer 36

floating freely or swimming weakly

Question 37

Sessile

Answer 37

fixed in one place

Question 38

Buoyancy

Answer 38

ability to float or rise in a fluid medium

Question 39

Trypanosomes

Answer 39

are pathogens causing sleeping sickness and Chagas disease; the vector are dreaded tse-tse fly and the cone nose bug

Question 40

Plasmodium

Answer 40

Plasmodium is spread by anopheles mosquitoes and causes malaria killing 600,00 people each year

Question 41

Toxoplasma gondii

Answer 41

Toxoplasmosis is a widespread disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, symptoms include blurred vison, confusion, loss of coordination, behavioral problems. Usually transmitted from contact with cat feces

Question 42

Symbiosis

Answer 42

a close ecological relationship between two or more organisms requiring close and sustained contact (always involves a host and a symbiont)