exam 2

Question 1

thesosis

Answer 1

aka, deification, is the understanding that human beings can give real union with god to such a degree that we can participate in the divine nature. theosis does not mean we become divine by nature.

Question 2

conciliarism

Answer 2

not decided in consolation with the whole church

Question 3

fall of Constantinople

Answer 3

o Ottoman empire is gaining territory in the Balkans
o Attempts at gaining western aid fail for a number of reasons- but animosity is a major one
o Last Christian service

Question 4

Rus

Answer 4

• Byzantines knew these groups as “Rus”
• When the Rus overtook the Slavic tribes, they settled north in Novgorod
  o Eventually took river routes down to settle in modern day Kiev
• 976 ad, Constantinople seeks the help of Vladimir, leader of the Rus
  o Vladimir accepts Christianity as a way to strengthen bonds
  o This alliance links Kiev with Constantinople for the next 450 years

Question 5

king Caleb

Answer 5

o Led Aksum onto the stage of world politics and power
o Pressed favor to take land in the Arabian Peninsula from the Himyar
o Sought an Ethiopian Christendom (geopolitical arena of influence with Christianity at its center), became powerful enough that Constantinople sought an alliance

Question 6

the kebra negast

Answer 6

• “The glory of kings”
• Written in the 14th century, but with sources from much earlier
• A hagiographical (holy writing) account of the Ethiopian kingdom and its roots in the line of King Solomon
• Queen of Sheba and Solomon have a son, Menelik, who becomes king of Ethiopia
• The ark of the covenant taken from Jerusalem to Ethiopia

Question 7

Ethiopian christianity and judaism

Answer 7

• From the beginning, Ethiopian culture shared similarities with Jewish culture
• These initial similarities were embraced as Christianity became the national religion
• By the Middle Ages, sabbath, dietary regulations, circumcision, threefold arrangement of churches (priests, man, women), royal polygamy, and the central place of the ark of the covenant
• Islam’s rise cut Ethiopia off from Greek flavored Christianity for 5 centuries

Question 8

lalibela

Answer 8

• Lalibela
  o Backed by the nobles, he took the kingdom from his brother
  o His reign ushered in a new phase of Ethiopian culture and religion
  o Constructed the city of Lalibela, the new capital of Ethiopia, after receiving a vision of Jerusalem
  o The city contains eleven churches, symbols of Ethiopian religion and power
   

Question 9

Boniface VIII

Answer 9

• Issues with Philip IV of France over who was in charge of
  o France’s clergy
  o The French Church’s money
• Issued Clericis Laicos, 1296
  o Measure which said that clergy of any realm could not be forced to pay the secular lord any of the church’s money without the pope’s approval
  o Makes Phillip mad
• Issued Unam Sanctam, 1302
• Kidnapped Boniface (phillip) in 1303
  o Held him hostage until he agreed to resign

Question 10

council of constance

Answer 10

• Called by cesero papism
• Sigismund calls council
• Three problems addressed
  o Papal schism
  o Problem of wycliffism
   Conciliarism- authority to reside in the power of the collected bishops vs the pope
   John Wycliffe and the lollards
• Wycliffe was a vocal opponent of what he saw as church abuses and theological errors, including:
  o Transubstantiation: (communion must be blessed by a priest)
  o Aural confession to a priest
  o Monasticism
  o The existence of purgatory
  o Ecclesiology: parishioners need not obey immoral clergy
• Wycliffe also thought the bible ought to be put in the vernacular and available to all
• Died in 1384 and condemned post mortem at the Council of Constance

Question 11

jan hus

Answer 11

 Read Wycliffe while studying to be a priest at the university of Prague
 Didn’t agree with Wycliffe on some things, but the moral outrage ove the Church’s plight was shared by both
 Argued for communion sub utraque specie. This led to later Hussite reformers being known at utraquists
 Was called to the Council of Constance in 1414 and burned at the stake in the summer of 1415

Question 12

the golden bull

Answer 12

 Codified the seats of the electors, 7 in total. Stipulated a 4-vote majority
* Archbishop of Mainz
* Archbishop of Trier
* Archbishop of Cologne
* Count Palatine of the Rhine
* Margrave of Brandenburg
* Duke of Saxony
* King of Bohemia

Question 13

indulgences

Answer 13

o Medieval penance stipulated that although guilt could be forgiven through absolution, punishment did not disappear
o Indulgences were an aspect of penance, by giving gifts to the church, one could obtain “time off” of penance
o By the late Middle Ages, a complex system developed which included a quantification of forgiveness
o Salvator noster extended indulgences to cover purgatory and the sins of the dead

Question 14

Johann tetzel

Answer 14

o Hired the Albrecht to preach the sale of indulgences
o Played up the purgatory aspect through emotive preaching and marketing

Question 15

luthers 95 thesis

Answer 15

• Luther, the son of a middle-class miner, entered the monastery in 1505 as an Augustinian
• In 1511 he was brought to the new university founded by elector Frederick of saxony
• Luther’s studies and his gradual rethinking just happened to occur in the context of Tetzel’s indulgence campaign
• Incensed by exploitation of average Christians by the church, Luther wrote a series of academic theses for debate in the university
• Beneath this was a rivalry between the humanist- inspired- Augustinian education and the Thomistic Dominicans
• Luther sent a copy of his theses to Archbishop Albrecht, who sent them to the Rome. This is where things took off

Question 16

Andreas Karlstadt

Answer 16

• While Luther was away, the faculty at Wittenberg began to institute some radical reforms, led by old testament professor Andreas Karlstadt
• Luther’s call to be faithful to scripture and begin the work of reforming the church “in head and members” meant, for Karlstadt, to act quickly
• Christmas Mass in Wittenberg – karlstadt presided with no vestments, spoke in German and distributed both bread and wine
  The return of Luther
• Luther was sympathetic with Karlstadt’s ideas,

Question 17

German peasants war

Answer 17

• Began in southwest Germany, after Countess Lupfen ordered her peasants to stop harvesting in order to collect snail shells
• Peasants banded together with a list of grievances and begin to revolt when they are ignored
• The revolt spreads across the black forest. “We have no Lord but God!”
• The March 1525 the peasants band issued 12 articles
  o Every town shall be entitled to elect and to dismiss its preacher
  o We declare that we are free and want to remain free
  o Free to hunt/fish/gather wherever
  o Each day’s work deserves its pay
  also see muntzer

Question 18

muntzer

Answer 18

• Muntzer was originally an ally of Luther but became disillusioned with Luther’s conservative attitude toward reform.
• Muntzer also argued that scripture itself pointed beyond itself to a spiritual or prophetic ministry
• The prophet, not the bible, is the primary vehicle for the word of God
• “A New Daniel” who can advise the princes on how to lead (and who to kill).
• In early 1525, Muntzer throws in his lot with the peasants as one of their preachers
• Raises an army “Eternal League of God”
• Muntzers army, along with a number of other peasants’ forces, meet the princes’ armies in Frankenhausen. It is a bloodshed

Question 19

ulrich Zwingli

Answer 19

• Ordained as a priest in 1506
• Influenced by the humanist Erasmus, in particular Erasmus’s edition of the Greek New Testament
• Was brought to Zurich to be the priest to the Grossmunster
• Altered the style of preaching from short passages on the church calendar to preaching through whole books in sequence, known as lectio continua
• The reformation in Zurich was launched by the “affair of the sausages” on the first Sunday of the Lenten fast in 1522

Question 20

The Schleitheim Confession 1527

Answer 20

• Believes baptism
• The ban of believers in sin
• The common loaf for baptized believers only
• Separation from the world in matters religious and civic
• Calling and disciple of pastors from the local church only
• Repudiation of the sword: Christians not magistrates
• Repudiation of the Oath:

Question 21

jan matthys

Answer 21

a follower of Melchior Hoffman, rose to prominence, declaring Munster the “New Jerusalem” in 1534
- Matthys rode out to meet a siege with only 12 men, believing himself to be immortal. He was (not surprisingly) killed.

Question 22

John Calvin

Answer 22

• 25 years younger that Luther, a 2nd generation reformer
• Born in Nyon France in a moderately wealthy home
• Studied in Paris and then law in Orleans

Question 23

Catholic reformation

Answer 23

• Began in earnest with the Council of Trent
• Major decrees of trent:
  o Latin vulgate reaffirmed
  o Deuterocanonical books reaffirmed
  o Justification on the basis of human cooperation with divine grace
  o Seven sacraments and transubstantiation
  o Celibacy reaffirmed
  o Purgatory, veneration of saints and relics
  o But a ban on the sale of indulgences
  Catholic reformation
• In 1566 the roman catechism was developed to aid in the education of clergy
• Catholic reform sought to counter not only protestant change, but to reinvigorate the world with catholic teaching
• Ne religious orders were formed to serve special functions
  o Theatines – checking heresy
  o Capuchins – preaching and care of poor
  o Ursulines- educating young girls
  o Jesuits – mission work to new territories

Question 24

jesuits

Answer 24

• Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540
• Loyola’s spiritual exercises as the foundation of a new missionary spirituality
  o Exercises emphasized self-discipline and letting go of personal desires to pursue God
• Original goal was mission work to Muslims, but Jesuits, led by Francis Xavier’s missionary journeys, went to India and Japan, and eventually Africa and the Americas
• What made Jesuits unique and successful was their practice of “inculturation”
  o Adopt their language, dress, adapt their culture

Question 25

inculturation”

Answer 25

o Adopt their language, dress, adapt their culture

Question 26

• El requerimiento

Answer 26

a declaration by the Spanish king that affirmed papal support of the Spanish throne, and Spain’s right to take territories of the New World. It was a divine right to conquest
o Would be read to indigenous communities with the expectation that they needed to either convert to Christianity and become Spanish subjects or else consider themselves at war with Spain

Question 27

• Bartolome de las casas

Answer 27

o Came to the new world in 1502 to seek his fortune as an encomienda
o Became a Dominican, the first ordained to priesthood in the Americas
o By 1514 ended his encomienda releasing his laborers and going back to Spain to advocate for the rights of indigenous peoples
o Supported by Jimenez de Cisneros, who names him “protector of the Indians”
o In 1542 wrote his “devastation of the indies: a brief account” which was instrumental
- Las casas argued for the rights of native peoples in 3 ways
o First-hand accounts of the graphic violence perpetrated against Indians, appealing to empathy of the hearers
o Used biblical and philosophical arguments to prove that Americans were fully humans. Examples of native art, architecture, customs, languages, were proof that they were not inferior. These were not enemies of the church but rather potential allies that needed persuasion not conquest
- Las casas defense of Africans was never as forceful as his defense of Americans
- He eventually came to reject the African slave trade, but never the actual holding of African persons in perpetual bondage
 

Question 28

Francis Xavier

Answer 28

• Jesuits, led by Francis Xavier, saw China as a major missionary endeavor
• Saw China as a highly civilized and powerful society

Question 29

Matteo ricci

Answer 29

• Ricci lands in China in 1552, arriving in the city of Zhao Qing
• Here he studies Chinese and reads Confucian writings
• Adopts clothing of Buddhist monks and shaves his head
  o Desires to distance himself from Spanish merchants or soldiers- an attempt to be seen as a religious leader
• Chinese authorities allow him to build a temple, “temple of the flower saint,” to meet with Chinese locals
  Ricci’s mission in China
• Ricci realized that Buddhism was not held as in high regard as Confucianism
  o Changes his attire to look like a confusion scholar, a “man of letters”
• Ricci translated a catholic catechism into Chinese, focusing on the Confucian concept of heaven (neo-Confucianism did not have a concept of a personal god)
• The goal of Jesuits was the conversion of the emperor, as such, he kept a low profile, dialoguing about philosophy with the Christian scholars but not seeking mass conversions among Chinese people
• Chinese authorities appreciated the scientific knowledge the Jesuits brought- this was more attractive than their religion
• Yet other aspects of Jesuit science were rejected because they did not align with Confucian focus on harmony (such as the Christian concept of heaven)

Question 30

o 3 pillars of the Chinese church

Answer 30

 Xu Gauangqi, after passing the national exam, the jinshi, he became an advisor to the emperor
 Established the first catholic church in Shanghai
o Li Zhiazao, also holder of the jinshi, helped translate a number of works and wrote his own as well
o Yan Tingyun, helped reduce taxes on the poor as an imperial official. Interpreted Jesus through the history of Chinese civilization

Question 31

Rites Controversy

Answer 31

• Ancestral rites were of central importance to Chinese identity- right order in relationships
  o Included an animal sacrifice and the burning of money. “Hell money” to help pay ancestors way out of suffering
• Ricci argued that these ceremonies could be kept if slightly altered. Saw them as “civil ceremonies,” NOT RELIGIOUS
• Dominicans and Franciscans argued that ordinary Chinese did not distinguish between civil and religious
• Gossip spread among Christian missionaries that the Jesuits allowed Chinese the worship all kinds of Gods as long as they venerated the cross
• In 1643 the Dominicans bring charges against the Jesuits to Rome
  o Papal decree against the Jesuit position
• Shortly after, a new pope comes who supports Jesuit practice
• Sacred congregation for the propagation of the faith – went back and forth on these rites
• In 1704, controversy comes to a head when bishop Charles Margot, an opponent of Chinese rites, convinced Rome to issue universal condemnation
• This act angered the Chinese emperor, seeming like a decree of a foreign ruler imposed upon his people
• In 1724, Emperor Yongzhent ordered all missionaries to be deported
• In 1736, emperor Qianlong imposed the death penalty for anyone practicing or spreading Christianity.
• By this point, Christianity had grown and been established. Although persecution would continue, Christianity established by the Jesuits remains in China to this day