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POLS 130 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Guerilla War

A

a conflict whereby non state combatants who largely abide by the rules of war target the state

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2
Q

Ideational Explanation for Political Violence

A

ideas may justify or promote the use of violence. think of nationalism or religious fundamentalism

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3
Q

Institutional Explanation for Political Violence

A

existing institutions may encourage violence or constrain human action, creating a violent backlash. think of presidentialism.

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4
Q

Individual Explanation for Political Violence

A

psychological or strategic factors may lead people to carry out violence. think of humiliation or alienation.

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5
Q

Nihilism

A

the rejection of all religious and moral principles, in the belief that life is meaningless.

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6
Q

Political Violence

A

violence outside of state control that is politically motivated.

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7
Q

Relative Deprivation Model

A

a model that predicts revolution when public expectations outpace the rate of domestic change.

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8
Q

Revolution

A

public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime.

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9
Q

State Sponsored Terrorism

A

terrorism supported directly by a state and instrument of foreign policy

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10
Q

Terrorism

A

the use of violence by nonstop actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.

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11
Q

Abstract Review

A

political institutions ask the court to provide an authoritative interpretation of the constitutional text outside a real dispute.

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12
Q

Bicameral System

A

a political system in which the legislature comprises two houses.

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13
Q

Civil Liberties

A

guarantees and freedoms that governments commit not to abridge, either by a constitution, legislation, or judicial interpretation.

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14
Q

Civil Society

A

organizations outside of the state that help define and advance their own interests.

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15
Q

Civil Rights

A

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality granted by a body of government.

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16
Q

Concrete Review

A

judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on the basis of actual legal disputes brought before it.

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17
Q

Constituency

A

a geographical area that an elected official represents.

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18
Q

Constitutional Court

A

a constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law.

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19
Q

Democracy

A

a political system in which political power is exercised either directly or indirectly by the people.

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20
Q

Electoral System

A

a set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted and translated into seats in a legislature.

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21
Q

Executive

A

having the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect.

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22
Q

First Past the Post

A

the candidate who wins the most votes in each constituency is elected.

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23
Q

Head of Government

A

the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet

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24
Q

Head of State

A

the chief public representative of a country, such as a president or a monarch, who may also be the head of government.

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25
Q

Initiative

A

a petition signed by a certain number of registered voters can force a government to choose either to enact a law or hold a public vote in the legislature.

26
Q

Judicial Review

A

the mechanism by which courts can review the actions of the government and overturn those that violate the constitution.

27
Q

Legislature

A

the legislative body of a country or state.

28
Q

Liberal Democracy

A

a political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.

29
Q

Mixed Electoral System

A

a mixed electoral system in which voters get two votes: one to decide the representative for their single-seat constituency, and one for a political party.

30
Q

Multimember District

A

an electoral district or constituency having two or more representatives in a legislative body rather than one.

31
Q

Parliamentary System

A

democratic form of government in which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government, its leader becoming prime minister or chancellor.

32
Q

Presidential System

A

elects a head of government independently of the legislature, while in contrast, the head of government in a parliamentary system answers directly to the legislature.

33
Q

Proportional Representation

A

an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.

34
Q

Referendum

A

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.

35
Q

Republicanism

A

a theory of government that emphasizes the participation of citizens for the common good of the community.

36
Q

Rule of Law

A

the restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws.

37
Q

Semi-Presidential System

A

is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state.

38
Q

Separation of Powers

A

an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

39
Q

Single-member District

A

an electoral district or constituency having a single representative in a legislative body rather than two or more.

40
Q

Unicameral System

A

a government with one legislative house or chamber.

41
Q

Vote of No Confidence

A

a vote showing that a majority does not support the policy of a leader or governing body.

42
Q

Developed Democracies

A

countries that have institutionalized democracy and a high level of economic development and prosperity

43
Q

Intergovernmental System

A

the relationships between different governments within a single country, for example, when ministers or officials from the Scottish Government meet their counterparts in the UK Government.

44
Q

Modern

A

relating to the present or recent times as opposed to the remote past.

45
Q

Supranational System

A

a multinational union or association in which member countries cede authority and sovereignty on at least some internal matters to the group, whose decisions are binding on its members.

46
Q

Authoritarianism

A

the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.

47
Q

Bureaucratic Authoritarianism

A

a specific type of authoritarian regime characterized by having a government made up of highly bureaucratized officials

48
Q

Clientelism

A

a social order that depends upon relations of patronage; in particular, a political approach that emphasizes or exploits such relations.

49
Q

Corporatism

A

the control of a state or organization by large interest groups.

50
Q

Illiberal Regime

A

a governing system in which, although elections take place, citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities of those who exercise real power because of the lack of civil liberties; thus it does not constitute an open society.

51
Q

Kleptocracy

A

a global financial system based on money laundering, which “depends on the services of the world’s largest banks and expert financial professionals”.

52
Q

Non Democratic Regime

A

relating to a system of government or a country in which the leaders are not elected by the people, or not elected in a way that is considered to be fair

53
Q

Patrimonialism

A

form of political organization in which authority is based primarily on the personal power exercised by a ruler, either directly or indirectly.

54
Q

Populism

A

refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of “the people” and often juxtapose this group against “the elite”.

55
Q

Rent-Seeking

A

an economic concept that occurs when an entity seeks to gain added wealth without any reciprocal contribution of productivity.

56
Q

Resource Curse

A

refers to the failure of many resource-rich countries to benefit fully from their natural resource wealth, and for governments in these countries to respond effectively to public welfare needs.

57
Q

Totalitarianism

A

a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.

58
Q

Co-Optation

A

the act or an instance of co-opting something

59
Q

Coercion

A

the practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.

60
Q

Personality Cult

A

excessive public admiration for or devotion to a famous person, especially a political leader.

POLS 130 (1 decks)

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