Exam 2 Flashcards
Anecdote
A short, amusing, and/or interesting story about a real incident or person
Testimonial
A formal statement testifying to benefits received
Case study
An intensive analysis of an individual
Vivid information
Information that is likely to attract and hold attention, and to excite the imagination
Vividness effect
Vividness of a story makes select information more accessible from memory
Correlation
A statistical term used to describe the degree to which two variables change in a pattern together
Correlation design/study
A type of research study wherein two or more variables and their relationship to one another are measured
Correlation coefficient
Statistic ranging from -1 to 1 that is computed by assessing the strength and direction of an association between two variables
Directionality problem
The inability to determine cause and effect between two variables that are correlated
Third variable problem
A correlation between two variables may be due to the common correlation between each of the variables and a third variable
Causality
Relationship between two variables such that change in one (IV) brings about change in the other (DV)
Correlational study
A type of study wherein two or more variables and their relationship to one another are measured
Experiment
A type of study that involves the direct manipulation of an independent variable while controlling for as many other variables that could influence the dependent variable as possible
Independent variable IV
Variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable DV
A variable being measured
Experimental or treatment group
Participants who receive the treatment (IV)
Control group or comparison group
Participants who do not receive the treatment or who receive an alternative treatment
Random assignment
A procedure to create multiple study groups so that the groups are equivalent at the beginning of the study
Quasi-experiment
A type of study that involves the use of pre-existing variables to group individuals
Extraneous variables
Any variable not intentionally studied that presumably doesn’t affect the results of the study
Confounding variable
An extraneous variable that correlates with both the IV and the DV
Validity
The extent to which empirical evidence and theoretical rationales support the adequacy and appropriateness of conclusions drawn from some from of assessment
Construct validity
The ability of a measurement tool or test to accurately measure what it’s supposed to measure
Internal validity
The extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect
External validity
The extent to which the findings of a study are relevant to subjects and settings beyond those in the study
External INvalidity
A term used to describe a study that violates external validity
Confirmation bias
A type of selective thinking whereby we tend to notice and seek out what confirms our beliefs
Self-serving bias
A bias in which we attribute our successes to internal factors
