Exam 2 Flashcards
production of alcohol from interaction of yeast, sugar and water
-natural process
fermentation
if grapes or berries are crushed and come into contact with water and yeast (found in air in high concentrations where plants grow) from the air
fermentation process
evaporation and condensing of alcohol vapors to produce beverages with alcohol content higher than 15%
-human-made process
distillation
-heating solution until boiling
-collect the vapor
-vapor is mostly alcohol
distillation process
water has a ______ boiling point than alcohol
higher
sharp rise in the amount of alcohol use and as a consequence the negative aspects of alcohol intoxication were more apparent then ever
perceptions of alcohol after american revolution
viewed as the cause of serious problems (before revolution, person was the problem)
alcohol after american revolution
alcohol was first substance to be _____ in american culture
demonized
first time americans formed an united social movement against alcohol use
-interesting they could understand these things so long ago
temperance movement
health problems (still pretty well known)
heavy drinking
morality (incorrect but could damage character)
alcohol use damages
a disease (still debated)
alcohol addiction
organized crime became more organized and more profitable; alcohol dependence deaths _____ (because access declined)
outcomes of prohibition; declined
influenced by cultural factors including perceived risk of alcohol and drinking norms
consumption patterns
alcohol use has ____ recently
increased
high-risk drinking has ____ recently
increased
alcohol use disorder has _____ recently (49.4%)
increased
alcohol is distributed throughout body ____ but not _____
fluids; fatty tissues
a lean person will have a _______ BAC than a less lean person of the same weight- because the alcohol will not absorb into fat, and there is less available water
lower
alcohol is a central nervous system
depressant
alcohol enhances the ______ effects of GABA
-also affects dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine neurons
inhibitory
effects are influenced by _______
-placebo affects may explain many of the effects on social behavior
expectations
one of the leading causes of death in a
america
-occurs after many years of steady drinking
-liver cells die and are replaced by fibrous tissue, leading to impaired liver function
-not reversible, but abstinence will slow progression
-if one does not stop drinking once this has developed, it can progress into liver cancer
cirrhosis
the system or systems that are assumed to be necessary in order to keep things in mind while performing complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehension, and learning
-low is linked to predisposition to substance use and dependence
working memory
active ingredient in tobacco
nicotine
severe (but not dangerous) and includes physiological, cognitive, and psychological symptoms
nicotine withdrawal syndrome
decreased heart rate
physiological symptom
difficulty concentrating
cognitive symptom
anxiety, dysmorphic, or depressed mood
psychological symptom
nicotine exerts virtually all its CNS effects by activating certain ______ receptors (called nicotine receptors)
acetylcholine
results in widespread effects but most importantly increases dopamine levels, briefly
activation of nicotine receptors
heavily involved in the rewarding properties of nicotine
increased dopamine
presence of A increases the likelihood of B, and the presence of B increases the likelihood of A
-ex: those who are high in depressive symptoms are more likely to smoke; smoking increases depressive symptoms over time. quitting decreases depressive symptoms, at least after the withdrawal period
bi-directional effect
psychological withdrawal effects are _____ in those with higher depressive symptoms
higher
most widely used measure of nicotine dependence
fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence
item with the best predictive validity of difficulty quitting is
how soon after waking up do you smoke your first cigarette?
occur among those above and below the poverty line
largest differences in prevalence of smoking
biggest influence in smoking rates
education
smokeless tobacco is associated with ____ harm overall as compared to smoking, this is largely because they do not require _____
less; combustion
associated with a significant increase in oral cancer and other health problems
smokeless tobacco
the process of burning something
combustion
in e-cigarettes, nicotine is delivered via
aerosol
predominant form of tobacco among youths
e-cigarettes
chemicals in smoke damage ___ in cells but do not kill cells
-_____ functions as the instructions for making new cells
DNA
cancer occurs when
DNA is damaged
smoking ____ effectiveness of the immune system that may otherwise be able to stop cancer growth
reduces
alcohol _____ chance of cigarette relapse
increases
typically undetectable differences in genetic polymorphisms may have substantial impact on how rewarding alcohol, nicotine, or other drugs are to individuals
tobacco article
use of LSD is _____ prevalent than PCP
more
LSD and PCP are used ____ frequently than cocaine
less
LSD and PCP are used ______ frequently than marijuana
much less
synthesized by Albert Hoffmann while pursuing development of a respiratory and circulatory stimulant
-its effects were not expected
LSD
one of the most potent psychoactive drugs; however there are no known overdose deaths
LSD
LD50
lethal dose for 1/2 the population
of LSD is about 400x the behaviorally effective dose
-means it is comparatively ____ in terms of acute physical toxicity compared to many other drugs
LD50; safer
mixing of senses
-frequently reported among LSD users
synesthesia
has a relatively short duration of action, intense effects, and rapid onset (2 mins)
-“lunch hour LSD”
DMT
DMT is often one of the main active ingredients of
ayahuasca
dissociative anesthetic
PCP (phencyclidine)
part from the environment
dissociative
insensitivity to pain
anesthetic
most pharmacologically active ingredient in marijuana
-responsible for subjective high (intoxicating)
THC
may or may not be psychoactive (depending on definition used)
-shown to reduce nausea, reduce anxiety and may have an anti-inflammatory effect
CBD
THC binds to ___ & ___ (cannabinoid) receptors, which have downstream effects on _____ via inhibition of ____
CB1; CB2; dopamine; GABA
CBD is a direct ____, it is thought to moderate the effect of THC
antagonist
THC half-life
19 hours
complete elimination of THC and its metabolite may take
2-3 weeks or longer
abuse potential of THC is
moderate
abuse potential of THC is ___ than nicotine and ___ than LSD
lower; higher
infrequent users experience _____ effects compared to experienced users
similar but more intense
at high concentrations, infrequent users may report negative effects such as
mild paranoia
in infrequent user marijuana disrupts cognitive performance including ___ cognitive processing, ____ inhibitory control and ___ of sustained concentration
slowed; impaired; loss
longitudinal study spanning 25 years demonstrated a ____ of IQ points in individuals who used marijuana very heavily in their teens
-lost mental abilities didn’t return in those who quit marijuana in adulthood
loss
twin study did not find a specific effect of marijuana on IQ and concluded that something other than marijuana, such as ____, may be responsible for the association
familial factors (family environment, genetics)
lab studies show that marijuana use ____ driving abilities in infrequent users
impairs
epidemiological (population based studies) show _____ on the effects of marijuana on driving abilities
mixed findings
marijuana can induce a psychotic episode, however, this is almost always linked to underlying ______ prior to using marijuana
psychotic symptoms
among adults 19-30 years old, marijuana use within the past year ___ by ___ between 2011 and 2021
increased; 13.2%
how does legalization affect marijuana use in youth under the legal limit?
unsure, different conclusioms
regarding the effect of marijuana legalization on alcohol use, the existing literature shows evidence for both _____ as well as _____
substitution; complimentary use
more liberal marijuana policies related to less alcohol use as marijuana becomes a substitute
substitution
more liberal marijuana policies related to increases in both marijuana and alcohol use
complimentary use
behavioral performance and working-memory network function _____ significantly differ between heavy cannabis users and controls
did not
among heavy cannabis users, individual differences in working-memory had _____ effect on change
independent
independent variables in marijuana study
dependent variables in marijuana study
-working-memory
-fMRI?
