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Drugs and Behavior > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

production of alcohol from interaction of yeast, sugar and water
-natural process

A

fermentation

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2
Q

if grapes or berries are crushed and come into contact with water and yeast (found in air in high concentrations where plants grow) from the air

A

fermentation process

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3
Q

evaporation and condensing of alcohol vapors to produce beverages with alcohol content higher than 15%
-human-made process

A

distillation

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4
Q

-heating solution until boiling
-collect the vapor
-vapor is mostly alcohol

A

distillation process

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5
Q

water has a ______ boiling point than alcohol

A

higher

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6
Q

sharp rise in the amount of alcohol use and as a consequence the negative aspects of alcohol intoxication were more apparent then ever

A

perceptions of alcohol after american revolution

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7
Q

viewed as the cause of serious problems (before revolution, person was the problem)

A

alcohol after american revolution

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8
Q

alcohol was first substance to be _____ in american culture

A

demonized

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9
Q

first time americans formed an united social movement against alcohol use
-interesting they could understand these things so long ago

A

temperance movement

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10
Q

health problems (still pretty well known)

A

heavy drinking

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11
Q

morality (incorrect but could damage character)

A

alcohol use damages

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12
Q

a disease (still debated)

A

alcohol addiction

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13
Q

organized crime became more organized and more profitable; alcohol dependence deaths _____ (because access declined)

A

outcomes of prohibition; declined

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14
Q

influenced by cultural factors including perceived risk of alcohol and drinking norms

A

consumption patterns

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15
Q

alcohol use has ____ recently

A

increased

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16
Q

high-risk drinking has ____ recently

A

increased

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17
Q

alcohol use disorder has _____ recently (49.4%)

A

increased

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18
Q

alcohol is distributed throughout body ____ but not _____

A

fluids; fatty tissues

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19
Q

a lean person will have a _______ BAC than a less lean person of the same weight- because the alcohol will not absorb into fat, and there is less available water

A

lower

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20
Q

alcohol is a central nervous system

A

depressant

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21
Q

alcohol enhances the ______ effects of GABA
-also affects dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine neurons

A

inhibitory

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22
Q

effects are influenced by _______
-placebo affects may explain many of the effects on social behavior

A

expectations

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23
Q

one of the leading causes of death in a
america
-occurs after many years of steady drinking
-liver cells die and are replaced by fibrous tissue, leading to impaired liver function
-not reversible, but abstinence will slow progression
-if one does not stop drinking once this has developed, it can progress into liver cancer

A

cirrhosis

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24
Q

the system or systems that are assumed to be necessary in order to keep things in mind while performing complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehension, and learning
-low is linked to predisposition to substance use and dependence

A

working memory

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25
Q

active ingredient in tobacco

A

nicotine

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26
Q

severe (but not dangerous) and includes physiological, cognitive, and psychological symptoms

A

nicotine withdrawal syndrome

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27
Q

decreased heart rate

A

physiological symptom

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28
Q

difficulty concentrating

A

cognitive symptom

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29
Q

anxiety, dysmorphic, or depressed mood

A

psychological symptom

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30
Q

nicotine exerts virtually all its CNS effects by activating certain ______ receptors (called nicotine receptors)

A

acetylcholine

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31
Q

results in widespread effects but most importantly increases dopamine levels, briefly

A

activation of nicotine receptors

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32
Q

heavily involved in the rewarding properties of nicotine

A

increased dopamine

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33
Q

presence of A increases the likelihood of B, and the presence of B increases the likelihood of A
-ex: those who are high in depressive symptoms are more likely to smoke; smoking increases depressive symptoms over time. quitting decreases depressive symptoms, at least after the withdrawal period

A

bi-directional effect

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34
Q

psychological withdrawal effects are _____ in those with higher depressive symptoms

A

higher

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35
Q

most widely used measure of nicotine dependence

A

fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence

36
Q

item with the best predictive validity of difficulty quitting is

A

how soon after waking up do you smoke your first cigarette?

37
Q

occur among those above and below the poverty line

A

largest differences in prevalence of smoking

38
Q

biggest influence in smoking rates

A

education

39
Q

smokeless tobacco is associated with ____ harm overall as compared to smoking, this is largely because they do not require _____

A

less; combustion

40
Q

associated with a significant increase in oral cancer and other health problems

A

smokeless tobacco

41
Q

the process of burning something

A

combustion

42
Q

in e-cigarettes, nicotine is delivered via

A

aerosol

43
Q

predominant form of tobacco among youths

A

e-cigarettes

44
Q

chemicals in smoke damage ___ in cells but do not kill cells
-_____ functions as the instructions for making new cells

A

DNA

45
Q

cancer occurs when

A

DNA is damaged

46
Q

smoking ____ effectiveness of the immune system that may otherwise be able to stop cancer growth

A

reduces

47
Q

alcohol _____ chance of cigarette relapse

A

increases

48
Q

typically undetectable differences in genetic polymorphisms may have substantial impact on how rewarding alcohol, nicotine, or other drugs are to individuals

A

tobacco article

49
Q

use of LSD is _____ prevalent than PCP

A

more

50
Q

LSD and PCP are used ____ frequently than cocaine

A

less

51
Q

LSD and PCP are used ______ frequently than marijuana

A

much less

52
Q

synthesized by Albert Hoffmann while pursuing development of a respiratory and circulatory stimulant
-its effects were not expected

A

LSD

53
Q

one of the most potent psychoactive drugs; however there are no known overdose deaths

A

LSD

54
Q

LD50

A

lethal dose for 1/2 the population

55
Q

of LSD is about 400x the behaviorally effective dose
-means it is comparatively ____ in terms of acute physical toxicity compared to many other drugs

A

LD50; safer

56
Q

mixing of senses
-frequently reported among LSD users

A

synesthesia

57
Q

has a relatively short duration of action, intense effects, and rapid onset (2 mins)
-“lunch hour LSD”

A

DMT

58
Q

DMT is often one of the main active ingredients of

A

ayahuasca

59
Q

dissociative anesthetic

A

PCP (phencyclidine)

60
Q

part from the environment

A

dissociative

61
Q

insensitivity to pain

A

anesthetic

62
Q

most pharmacologically active ingredient in marijuana
-responsible for subjective high (intoxicating)

A

THC

63
Q

may or may not be psychoactive (depending on definition used)
-shown to reduce nausea, reduce anxiety and may have an anti-inflammatory effect

A

CBD

64
Q

THC binds to ___ & ___ (cannabinoid) receptors, which have downstream effects on _____ via inhibition of ____

A

CB1; CB2; dopamine; GABA

65
Q

CBD is a direct ____, it is thought to moderate the effect of THC

A

antagonist

66
Q

THC half-life

A

19 hours

67
Q

complete elimination of THC and its metabolite may take

A

2-3 weeks or longer

68
Q

abuse potential of THC is

A

moderate

69
Q

abuse potential of THC is ___ than nicotine and ___ than LSD

A

lower; higher

70
Q

infrequent users experience _____ effects compared to experienced users

A

similar but more intense

71
Q

at high concentrations, infrequent users may report negative effects such as

A

mild paranoia

72
Q

in infrequent user marijuana disrupts cognitive performance including ___ cognitive processing, ____ inhibitory control and ___ of sustained concentration

A

slowed; impaired; loss

73
Q

longitudinal study spanning 25 years demonstrated a ____ of IQ points in individuals who used marijuana very heavily in their teens
-lost mental abilities didn’t return in those who quit marijuana in adulthood

A

loss

74
Q

twin study did not find a specific effect of marijuana on IQ and concluded that something other than marijuana, such as ____, may be responsible for the association

A

familial factors (family environment, genetics)

75
Q

lab studies show that marijuana use ____ driving abilities in infrequent users

A

impairs

76
Q

epidemiological (population based studies) show _____ on the effects of marijuana on driving abilities

A

mixed findings

77
Q

marijuana can induce a psychotic episode, however, this is almost always linked to underlying ______ prior to using marijuana

A

psychotic symptoms

78
Q

among adults 19-30 years old, marijuana use within the past year ___ by ___ between 2011 and 2021

A

increased; 13.2%

79
Q

how does legalization affect marijuana use in youth under the legal limit?

A

unsure, different conclusioms

80
Q

regarding the effect of marijuana legalization on alcohol use, the existing literature shows evidence for both _____ as well as _____

A

substitution; complimentary use

81
Q

more liberal marijuana policies related to less alcohol use as marijuana becomes a substitute

A

substitution

82
Q

more liberal marijuana policies related to increases in both marijuana and alcohol use

A

complimentary use

83
Q

behavioral performance and working-memory network function _____ significantly differ between heavy cannabis users and controls

A

did not

84
Q

among heavy cannabis users, individual differences in working-memory had _____ effect on change

A

independent

85
Q

independent variables in marijuana study

A
86
Q

dependent variables in marijuana study

A

-working-memory
-fMRI?

Drugs and Behavior (1 decks)

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