Exam 2 Flashcards
The ___ and ___ are both involved in amplifying sound waves.
A. Pinna, Ear bone
B. Tympanic membrane, Ear bone
C. Pinna, Tympanic membrane
D. Auditory canal, Tympanic membrane
B. Tympanic membrane, Ear bone
A dog has more than ___ olfactory receptors in its nose, while humans have only 5 million.
A. 5 million
B. 220 million
C. 1 billion
D. 100 thousand
B. 220 million
Taste is an extremely important sense for dogs. Is this statement true or false?
False
Which sequence of events below is in the correct order in regards to the process of hearing (note some steps may be missing in this process)?
A. >The action potentials are then transmitted as nerve impulses to the auditory cortex of the brain through the vestibulocochlear nerve»_space; The sound waves are directed towards the ear canal by the pinna»_space; The vibrations are picked up by the malleus on the other side >
B. >The vibrations are picked up by the malleus on the other side»_space; The sound waves are directed towards the ear canal by the pinna»_space; The action potentials are then transmitted as nerve impulses to the auditory cortex of the brain through the vestibulocochlear nerve >
C. >The sound waves are directed towards the ear canal by the pinna >The vibrations are picked up by the malleus on the other side»_space; The action potentials are then transmitted as nerve impulses to the auditory cortex of the brain through the vestibulocochlear nerve
C. >The sound waves are directed towards the ear canal by the pinna >The vibrations are picked up by the malleus on the other side»_space; The action potentials are then transmitted as nerve impulses to the auditory cortex of the brain through the vestibulocochlear nerve
An organ in dogs involved in detecting pheromones is called the ___ organ.
A. mechano
B. vomeronasal
C. vestibular
D. corpuscular
Dogs are scotopic, which means that
A. they are trichromatic
B. they have a low sensitivity to light, but have a high color sensitivity
C. they have a high sensitivity to light, but have a low color sensitivity
D. have more numerous rod and cone cells compared to humans
C. they have a high sensitivity to light, but have a low color sensitivity
The ___ cells are responding to color and the ___ cells are responding to the brightness/dimness of the light.
A. iris, cone
B. cone, rod
C. cornea, rod
D. rod, cone
B. cone,rod
The same cranial nerve transmits the sense of taste to the brain, irregardless of the location (front, sides, or back) of the taste receptor on the surface of the tongue. True or false?
False
___ taste is typically associated with toxins, which can be found in grasses and plants.
A. Umami
B. Bitter
C. Salty
D. Sweet
B. Bitter
Unlike sight, whose signals are transmitted quickly to the brain, the sense of smell is transmitted slowly to the brain. Is this statement true or false?
False
Do all the sense systems have similar modality in how they’re perceived?
Yes
A sensory system consists of what three things?
-sensory receptors
-neural pathways
-parts of the brain
A majority of the sensory systems are conveyed to the brain through what kind of nerves?
cranial nerves
What is hearing?
The conversion of vibrations and wavelengths in the air to something the brain can perceive
pinna
External surface of the ear that focuses wavelengths into our ear down the ear canal
tympanic membrane
Amplifies sound coming down into the ear canal
ossicles
-ear bones (stapes, incus, malleus)
-amplifies incoming sound through middle ear into inner ear
cochlea
senses and transmits information (sound) into the brain via CN 8
hair cells (ear)
-receptors that pick up changes of vibrations in the air and communicates changes to the brain
-hairs move against the tectorial membrane
cornea
protective outer coating of eye where light enters through
pupil
a hole created by the lens; light enters here
lens
changes shape using muscles in the eye to focus light in different areas
iris
-gives the eye its color
-focused by the lens
What cranial nerve is involved with hearing?
CN 8
What cranial nerve is involved with sight?
CN 2 (Optic Nerve)
What are the two photoreceptors?
rods and cones –> sends signal through neurons to the brain
rod
perceives brightness or dimness in light
cone
perceives color
ganglion cell
where neurons synapse to before being transmitted out of the eye and into the brain via the optic nerve
What cranial nerve is associated with touch in the head?
CN 5
What is taste?
picking up on chemical cues that have been dissolved by saliva in the mouth
What are the “five classes” of taste?
Salty
Sweet
Umami
Bitter
Sour
What tastes are considered positive?
Salty (small amounts)
Sweet (glucose)
Umami (protein)
What tastes are considered negative?
Salty (large amounts)
Bitter (toxins)
Sour (spoiled foods)
What cranial nerves are associated with taste?
CN 7, 9, or 10 depending on location
Where are the taste cells located?
Taste buds
Perigemmal
associated with spicy/sour
General Mucosal Innervation
outside of taste bud
associated with pain and temperature
What cranial nerve is associated with olfaction?
CN 1
How many “classes” of smell are there?
Thousands
Does olfaction have a slow or fast response time?
Fast response time since there is a direct connection between receptors and cranial nerve
Do olfactory receptors have specific ligands they bind to?
Yes
Main Olfactory Epithelium (MOE)
extensions from the olfactory bulb down into the upper part of the nasal cavity
where airborne odors bind to receptors and send signals to the brain
Do canines have whiskers?
Yes, on the muzzle
How are sensory systems studied?
-behavioral research
-electric stimulus
-anatomic research
Behavioral research (sensory systems)
-Two alternative forced choice (A vs B)
-Go/No-Go (to see if animal responds to stimulus)
Electric stimulus (sensory systems)
-Evoked potentials
-measuring electric stimulus that nerves send to the brain
Can be auditory, visual, olfactory, somatosensory
Anatomic research (sensory systems)
-Gross
-Microscopic
Does the breed of a dog impact how well they can sense something?
Yes, for instance:
-the shape and orientation of a dog’s ears vary depending on the breed (some breeds can hear better)
-the field of vision and eye diameter varies depending on the breed
Do dogs have a straight ear canal?
No, so you can clean them with q-tips
What is the approximate hearing range of dogs?
67-45,000 Hz
What is the frequency of dog whistles?
23,000-45,000 Hz
dichromatic
-the type of eyesight that dogs have
-equivalent to red-green color blindness in humans
crepuscular
can see best at dim/low-light areas (dawn and dusk)
scotopic
-HIGH sensitivity to light
-LOW sensitivity to color
-can detect brightness at about half the accuracy of humans
photopic
-HIGH sensitivity to color
-LOW sensitivity to light
tapetum lucidum
-a membrane of cells that is located behind the retina
-light bounces off this structure allowing the eye to take in more light
-allows to see in low-light areas
Describe the FOV of a dolicephalic dog.
Dolicephalic dogs have long snouts
They have a wider FOV, but a blind spot created by their long snout
Describe the FOV of a brachycephalic dog.
Brachycephalic dogs have smaller snouts (smushed noses)
They have a lower FOV, but no blind spots
Why is touch important for puppies?
They need to find their mom’s nipples to drink their milk
trigeminal nerve
innervation TO whiskers
facial nerve
innervation OF whiskers
Is taste important for dogs?
No, they rely more on olfaction for food detection (especially the 5 classes of taste)
How many taste buds does a dog have compared to a human?
Dogs have ~1700 taste buds while humans have ~10,000
Is there a difference between taste and flavor?
Yes, the experience of both can depend on an animal’s internal state - hunger, experience, genetics
-taste involves sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
-flavor involves olfaction , texture, chemesthesis (spicy/temperature)
What is the most developed sense system in dogs?
Olfaction
-seeking mates
-locating prey
-marking territory
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
-responds to pheromones
-connected to the amygdala or limbic system –> associated with emotion
-quick response time!
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Looking at blood flow in the brain
Why is a dog’s sense of smell useful to humans?
Locating drugs, explosives, missing people
Sensing cancer, diabetes, etc.
Medical alert (addisons disease, seizures)
vestibular system
located in the inner ear
important for body position, movement, and balance
-as we move our heads, fluid in the semicircular canals move causing hair cells to move
nociceptive system
-has touch receptors throughout the body
-contains free nerve endings
-associated with pain and irritation (mechanical, thermal, chemical)
-usually in the skin and joints, but not as concentrated internally
What consists of the vestibular system?
semicircular canals and vestibule
semicircular canals
contains three canals at different angles
vestibular nerve
receives signals from hair cells of semicircular canal and vestibule
vestibule
has hair cells that sit below otoliths
otoliths
crystals that sit on top of hair cells; pulled by gravity to move hair cells
Almost all fats that dogs consume are digested in the ____.
A. large intestine
B. small intestine
C. stomach
D. cecum
B. small intestine
Dogs cannot digest proteins very well. True or false?
False
In regards to nutritional requirements, mark the correct statement below.
A. both dogs and cats can eat each other’s food
B. neither dogs nor cats should eat each other’s food
C. dogs can eat cat food, but cats cannot eat dog food
D. cats can eat dog food, but dogs cannot eat cat food
C. dogs can eat cat food, but cats cannot eat dog food
Why are dogs less likely to get heart attacks compared to humans?
A. they exercise more often than humans
B. they have a longer intestine
C. their low density and high density lipoprotein ratios are reversed compared to humans
D. they eat a more balanced diet
C. their low density and high density lipoprotein ratios are reversed compared to humans
What are canine teeth used for?
gripping
What are molars/pre-molars used for?
cutting
What does a dog’s diet consist of?
Mostly carnivorous, but can be omnivorous depending on availability
How is a dog’s digestion similar to other omnivores?
-digestion, absorption, and metabolism are similar
-nutrient and energy requirements relative to metabolic body weight are similar
Do dogs require arginine?
Yes, but not as much as cats
fat
-almost all is digested in small intestine
-bile acid emulsion
-gastric and pancreatic not lingual lipase
-blood transport is similar to other species
-dogs metabolize fats 2x the human rate
-dogs are adapted AEROBIC fat metabolism
-heart attacks are rare
carbohydrate
-central metabolic role for glucose
-no pre-gastric amylase
-pancreatic amylase
-disaccharidases
-monosaccharide transporters
What are the four types of carbohydrates?
-absorbable
-digestible
-fermentable
-non-fermentable
absorbable carbohydrates
monosaccharides
alcohols
digestible carbohydrates
disaccharides
starch
fermentable carbohydrates
polysaccharides
non-fermentable carbohydrates
polysaccharides
lignin
Do dogs require absorbable digestible carbohydrates?
Carbs are not necessary if there is enough protein in the diet.
For instance, if there is a low-protein diet with no carbs, then that leads to hypoglycemia and ketosis.
If there is a high-protein diet with no carbs, then that’s fine
Where are indigestible carbohydrates fermented?
In the colon; they are fermented into volatile fatty acids
volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
source of energy, but only ~5% since the colon is short
promotes sodium and water absorption
stimulates blood flow, cell turnover
prevents diversion colitis
What is the preferred fuel of colonocyte?
butyrate
What causes looser feces?
Low fat
High carbs
High VFAs
soluble fiber
What causes firmer feces?
High fat
Low carbs
Low VFAs
Vitamins and Minerals
most requirements of micronutrients are similar across species
salt requirements are low in dogs because they do not sweat, therefore, salt loss is low
Do dogs require vitamins?
They don’t need vitamin C, but they do need Vitamin D
What type of muscle fibers are in dogs?
Slow-twitch and fast-twitch
both high oxidative
A cleft palate typically involves which of the following tissues?
A. Lip
B. Gums
C. Hard palate
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Acquired portasystemic shunt is often treated medically and may include which of the following dietary changes?
A. Vitamin and antioxidant supplements
B. A reduction in total protein
C. Decreased dietary iron and copper
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
In the portasystemic shunt case, what fact in the examination was indicative/suggestive of a metabolic problem?
A. Disorientation
B. Recumbency and problems walking
C. Fluctuating clinical signs
D. Blindness
C. Fluctuating clinical signs
True or False, a portal venogram uses contract media to visualize veins through radiographs.
True
True or False, the key diagnostic used to identify the clef palate was culturing Aeromonas spp. from the lung wash.
False
What are some clinical signs of portasystemic shunt?
-abnormal behavior after eating
-pacing and aimless wandering
-pressing head against wall
-episodes of apparent blindness
-seizures
-poor weight gain
-stunted growth
-excessive sleeping and lethargy
-straining to urinate
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-intermittent fever
-occasional polyuria and polydipsia
-occasional behavioral changes
-small or difficult to palpate liver
What may result in a laboratory test if a dog has suspected portasystemic shunt?
-normal blood glucose levels
-cerebrospinal fluid is normal
-elevated alkaline phosphatase
-low total serum protein
-low serum albumin
-ammonium biurate crystals in the urine
-bile acid test is elevated (abnormal liver function)
What can be used to test if a dog has portasystemic shunt?
portal venogram and/or portal scintigraphy
portasystemic shunt
-when one or several vessels connect the portal vein to the caudal vena cava or azygos vein
-blood is shunted past the liver to the heart
What are the two different kinds of portasystemic shunts?
Acquired PSS
Congenital PSS
Acquired PSS
surgical correction is very difficult or not possible
does not eliminate underlying problem
Congenital PSS
most common in cats and dogs
What are some surgical options for a dog affected with congenital PSS?
-small dogs - extrahepatic surgery
-large dogs - intrahepatic surgery (more difficult)
-surgical ligation of the shunt if normal hepatic portal vein and liver sinuses are present and patent
-suture or cellophane band around the shunt
-coils inside the shunt, through a catheter in the jugular
What are some non-surgical options for a dog affected with congenital PSS?
can be treated by:
-low protein diet (especially from milk or veggies)
-increasing antioxidant and vitamin intake
-decreasing copper and iron intake
-intestinal antibiotic to decrease bacterial ammonia production
cleft palate
tissue that develops between the nasal and oral cavities, does not close
can be primary or secondary
can be acquired or congenital
Primary cleft palate involves ___
the lip
Secondary cleft palate involves ___
hard and/or soft palate
What are some clinical signs of cleft palate?
-visible split of lips, nostrils, teeth, or gums
-fluids pass down nose during feeding
-sneezing
-coughing
-gagging
-pneumonia
-stunted growth
Congenital cleft palate
caused by genetic predisposition (pregnancy)
-excessive vitamin A
-cortisone use
-viral illness
-hypoxia
-pesticide exposure
more common in purebred dogs and cats
also more common in brachycephalic breeds
Acquired cleft palate
can be acquired from the environment:
-falling from a height
-electrical cord born
-chewing splinted bones
How is cleft palate treated?
surgery
Myasthenia gravis, a disease in dogs, is when
A. dopamine receptors are destroyed
B. estrogen receptors are destroyed
C. acetylcholine receptors are destroyed
D. progesterone receptors are destroyed
C. acetylcholine receptors are destroyed
The attachment of a biceps muscle at the insertion is fairly close to a joint. This close distance to the joint allows for…
A. an increase in joint movement when the muscles contracts
B. a decrease in joint movement when the muscle contracts
C. greater torque or force when the muscles contracts
D. none of the above
A. an increase in joint movement when the muscles contracts
In the case of the skeletal structure of the dog, which statement is true?
A. size is not proportional to speed
B. size is proportional to the strength of the animal
C. biochemistry of the muscle fibers
D. all of the above
B. size is proportional to the strength of the animal
What is important for the interaction of actin and myosin?
A. the release of internal chloride ions
B. the release of internal hydrogen
C. the release of internal sodium
D. the release of internal calcium
D. the release of internal calcium
When muscles attach to the region of the body that is closest to the center of the body, this is called ___
A. the beginning of the muscle
B. the origin of the muscle
C. the insertion of the muscle
D. none of the above
B. the origin of the muscle
A dog taken to a vet hospital presents with polydipsia, polyuria, and enlargement of the abdomen. In order to determine if the dog has Cushing’s disease, and not diabetes, a vet typically looks at…
A. cortisol levels, which should be elevated
B. cortisol levels, which should be abnormally low
C. testosterone levels, which should be elevated
D. testosterone levels, which should be elevated
A. cortisol levels, which should be elevated
The adrenal gland is located on top of the ___.
A. kidney
B. lung
C. spleen
D. liver
A. kidney
Regarding thyroid secretion, ___ is produced from the hypothalamus. It then affects a specific cell in the anterior pituitary which produces ___. This hormone then travels through the bloodstream to the thyroid gland and stimulates the production of ___ and ___.
TRH, TSH, T3, and T4
What class(s) of hormones originates from cholesterol precursor?
A. Steroid hormones
B. Protein/peptide hormones
C. Amino acid analogues and derivatives
D. All of the above
A. Steroid hormones
Which organ creates protein/peptide hormones?
A. anterior pituitary
B. thyroid
C. parathyroid
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
What are some skeletal improvements to a dog that enhance speed?
-limb elongation (increases stride length)
-proximal mass distribution –> proximal muscle mass and long tendons (increases stride frequency)
-disproportional growth of distal bones (increases stride length and stride frequency)
What can determine the size of a dog?
-IGF-1 alleles (insulin-like growth factor)
-growth hormone
-fibroblast growth factor
-sexual dimorphism
muscle origin
proximal attachment (close to the muscle)
muscle insertion
distal attachment (far from the muscle)
What biomechanical advantages does the location of muscle attachment have?
-closer to joint increases range of motion
-farther away allows greater torque
speed
a property of the ability of the muscle fibers to shorten
dystrophin
-cytoskeletal protein located on the inner surface of sarcolemma
-involved in structural integrity of sarcolemma
muscular dystrophy
-occurs when dystrophin (X-linked gene) is absent
-all muscle cells can not survive (cardiac, skeletal, respiratory, smooth)
-creatine kinase levels may be 10x above normal
-common in golden retrievers
What are some potential cures for muscular dystrophy?
stem cell research
myostatin (growth inhibitor)
follistatin-activator trials
innervation ratio
number of muscle fibers innervated by a motoneuron determines level of control (fine vs course)
myasthenia gravis
-acetylcholine receptors are destroyed (or reduced)
-Ach is destroyed before NM transmission is effective
-NMJ failure, weakness
Type I muscle fibers
more dependent upon aerobic metabolism
high mitochondria content
animals bred for endurance will have more of this
Type II muscle fibers
less dependent on aerobic metabolism
varies in type II subtypes
have a different myosin kinase-faster recycling
animals bred for speed have more of this
Tarui’s disease
-Springer Spaniels-predisposed
-PFK Deficiency is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder
-prevents metabolism of glucose into energy
-destroys red blood cells
-excessive glycogen storage
-gene mutation (chromosome 12)
-discolored/darker urine, muscle weakness, cramps, anemia, exercise intolerance
Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system is ___.
anatomically discontinuous
nervous system
-exerts point-to-point control through nerves
-fast response times
endocrine system
-broadcasts its hormonal messages to essentially all cells by secretion into blood and extracellular fluid
-slow response times
-hormone is produced in one gland potentially affecting many or all body tissues
What are the principal functions of the endocrine system?
-maintains homeostasis
-integration and regulation of growth, metabolism and development
-control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, parturition, and nourishment of the newborn
What are the three classes of hormones?
-steroid hormones
-protein/peptide hormones
-amino acid analogues and derivatives
What organs are involved in steroid hormones?
ovaries, testis, adrenal cortex
What specific hormones are involved in steroid hormones?
testosterone, estradiol,
mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
What organs are involved in protein/peptide hormones?
anterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas
What specific hormones are involved in protein/peptide hormones?
insulin, prolactin, growth hormone
What organs are involved in amino acid analogues and derivatives?
thyroid and adrenal medulla
What specific hormones are involved in amino acid analogues and derivatives?
thyroxine; norepinephrine and epinephrine
(catecholamines)
target cells
-affected by hormones since they have receptors for that hormone
What does the hypothalamus produce?
TRH
What does the anterior pituitary produce?
TSH
What does the thyroid gland produce?
T3 and T4
What are the major effects of the thyroid hormone?
-Increase in overall metabolic rate (increases O2 consumption)
-growth in young animals
-development and maturation of the CNS
hypothyroidism
-underactive thyroid
-slowed metabolic rate
-fatigue, lethargy
-weight gain
-cretinism, if present and untreated at birth
-usually diagnosed in middle-aged dogs
-hair coat turns thin
-dry, flaky skin
-lowered immune function
-heat seeking
-lowers estrous cycling
-Primary hypothyroidism is the most common
hyperthyroidism
-overactive thyroid
– Increased metabolic rate
– Enlargement of thyroid gland (goiter)
– Weight loss, nervousness, irritability
– Intolerance to heat
– Bulging eyeballs
What percentage of endocrine-related problems in dogs involve hypothyroidism?
35%
Is hyperthyroidism common in dogs?
No, it’s fairly uncommon.
However, it is common in cats.
How do you diagnose hypothyroidism?
total T4 (thyroxine) assay
How do you treat hypothyroidism?
T4 replacement
Diabetes Mellitus
condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin
or
cells in the body do not respond adequately to the insulin that is produced
results in impaired absorption of glucose
insulin
-lowers blood glucose
-allows liver to store glycogen
-facilitates fat deposition in adipose tissue
-is the ONLY hypoglycemic hormone
What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
-hyperglycemia, glycosuria
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-hyperphagia
-weight loss
-cataracts
What is within an adrenal gland?
an outer cortex
an inner medulla
What are some physiologic functions of glucocorticoids?
-metabolic (promotes gluconeogenesis, stimulates lipolysis, promotes protein degradation)
-response to stress
-immune
-blood
-skeletal
hyperadrenocorticism
-same as Cushing’s disease in humans
-increased production of cortisol
-common in older dogs
What are symptoms of Cushing’s disease?
ELEVATED CORTISOL
polydipsia
polyuria
hyperphagia
abdominal enlargement
alopecia
increased incidence of diabetes mellitus
muscle weakness/lethargy
What are the different types of cushing’s disease?
pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH)
-most common (80%)
-results from increased production of a pituitary hormone that results in increased cortisol production
primary hyperadrenocorticism
-results from adrenal tumors
How can you treat Cushing’s disease?
Lysodren (commonly used for treatment of PDH)
Adrenalectomy (for adrenal tumors)
hypoadrenocorticism
-same as Addison’s disease in humans
-ADRENAL CORTEX INSUFFICIENCY
-uncommon in dogs
-loss of 85%-95% of adrenocortical cells required before clinical symptoms appear
What are some symptoms of hypoadrenocorticism?
weight loss (anorexia)
lethargy
dehydration
How do you treat hypoadrenocorticism?
hormone replacement
An organ that is involved in sperm production is…
A. pancreas
B. hypothalamus
C. adrenal cortex
D. liver
B. hypothalamus
Besides dogs, Benign Prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) occurs in one other animal, which is ___.
A. humans
B. cats
C. birds
D. horses
A. humans
The correct order of sperm cell development from beginning to end is as follows: Spermatogonium > Spermatid > Secondary spermocyte > Spermatozoa. Is this true or false?
False
What is the role of the oviduct?
-picks up the oocyte after it’s ovulated
-site of fertilization
-nourishes zygote
Which of the following is the site of sperm production?
A. Ductus deferens
B. Epididymis
C. Seminferous tubules
D. Sertoli cells
C. Seminferous tubules
Which of the following describes social behavior in dogs?
A. It is active association between members and it can be positive or negative
B. It refers to dogs needing to explore/search for food and within the environment
C. it is all aspects of mate choice, courtship, and copopulation
D. there is only ever one type of communication happening at one time during social behavior
A. It is active association between members and it can be positive or negative
Poor health is related to poor welfare, but good health doesn’t necessarily mean good welfare. True or False?
True
What is an example of behavioral issue?
A. separation anxiety
B. chewing/ingesting objects
C. digging
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is part of the basic health and functioning view of animal welfare?
A. The animal is free of negative emotions
B. The animal is able to perform natural behaviors in their environment
C. The animal has food, water, shelter, and free from disease
D. All of the above
C. The animal has food, water, shelter, and free from disease
Describe animal euthanasia.
Over 4M dogs and cats are euthanized in the US per year
Majority of animals coming to a humane society or shelter are euthanized
Why are dogs euthanized?
-Lost pets
-Owners giving up pets
-Behavior problems
-OVERBREEDING/OVERPOPULATION
testes
male gonads
produces sperm and secretes hormones
system of ducts
epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra
transport and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, and conveys them to the exterior
accessory sex glands
adds secretions to semen
the ONLY accessory sex organ in dogs
dogs lack seminal vesicle and bulbourethral glands
scrotum
supports testes
penis
delivers sperm into female reproductive tract
What type of penis does a dog have?
Os penis
What is the average age for the onset of puberty in dogs?
~9 months of age, but can range from 5-12 months depending on breed
ovary
produces oocytes
secretes hormones
uterus
site of embryo implantation and development
expulsion of the fetus at birth
vagina
copulatory organ
site of semen deposition
fetus transits through at birth
mammary glands
nourishment of newborn
What type of breeders are dogs?
Monoestrous - one estrous during breeding cycle
benign prostatic hyperplasia
-overgrowth of the prostate (common in old male dogs)
-dependent on testosterone
-symptoms are different in humans
-prevented by castration
osteosarcoma
-highly malignant bone tumor
-large/giant breeds are most susceptible
-inverse relationship between gonadal hormone exposure and risk for osteosarcoma
spaying of dogs
-involves removal of ovaries and uterus
-effective, safe, cheap
-protective against mammary tumors
-increases risk for osteosarcoma, obesity
What are the three levels that are used to describe behavioral responses in dogs?
- Motor or action level
-description of what animal is doing - Functional level
-purpose of which the action pattern is directed - Abstract level
-describes a mental state that is not defined objectively
behavior
response to external or internal stimuli in the environment
internal stimuli (behavior)
GEDAP
Genetics, experience, development, anatomy, physiology
external stimuli (behavior)
social, environmental, senses
How do dogs communicate?
Through the senses - using eye contact, facial expressions, vocalization, body posture, and scent/pheromones
How do we communicate to dogs?
through vocalization, body posture, and hand signals
What are the seven common behaviors of dogs?
- Social behavior
- Exploratory behavior
- Feeding/ingesting behavior
- Eliminative behavior
- Reproductive behavior
- Maternal behavior
- Developmental/learning behavior
social behavior (dogs)
Very social animals –travel in packs
Communication –multiple at one time
Play
*Dog-dog
*Dog-human
Leadership/Submission (Territorial)
When diagnosing for diseases, what is the first sign of disease?
change in behavior
exploratory behavior
*Very curious animals
*Need to maintain a
certain level of sensory
input
*Examples:
* Exploring
* Chasing
* Hunting
feeding behavior
-All aspects of how an animal searches for, selects
and ingests food
-Know what requirements are
-Know when your dog is hungry
-What does your dog like to eat
reproductive behavior
-Aspects of mate choice, courtship behavior and
copulation
-Various senses involved
-May be limited in dogs due to spay and neuter
-Understanding reproductive behavior can
improve breeding success
maternal behavior
Describes changes in a dogs behavior leading up
to pregnancy and during care of the young
-Nest building
-Maternal care and bonding (grooming, feeding, educating, protecting)
-Weaning
What are some behavioral issues in dogs?
*Separation anxiety
*Noise anxiety
*Tail chasing
*Chewing
*Digging
abnormal behavior
a behavior that is not normally seen in wild animals, or an unusual behavior in an animal with no obvious goal or function
What are the five freedoms?
1) Freedom from hunger or thirst
2) Freedom from discomfort
3) Freedom from pain, injury or disease
4) Freedom to express (most) normal behavior
5) Freedom from fear and distress
What are the three views on animal welfare?
1) Basic health and functioning (food, water, nutrition, shelter, health)
2) Natural Living (ability to perform natural behaviors in environment)
3) Affective states (positive vs negative emotions; an indicator of welfare)
enrichment
allows for highly motivated natural
behaviors to be expressed
What are the five types of enrichment?
*Social
*Occupational
*Physical
*Sensory
*Nutritional
The majority of animals used in research today consist of dogs and cats. True or false?
False
What breed of dog is typically used in animal research?
Beagle
Which researcher utilized dogs to discover the feasibility of using intravenous drug delivery?
Sir Christopher Wren
Why do we use dogs as research animals?
Physiologically and clinically more similar to humans than mice
-similar size hearts
-similar cardiovascular diseases
-similar simple stomach (similar amount of grandular mucosa)
-can develop surgical models of implants
Easier to work with
-social animals
-easily trainable
-larger size
-long life spans (to look at long-term effects)
Contain disorders that mimic human versions of diseases
Which researcher utilized dogs to study cardiac movement?
William Harvey
Which researcher utilized dogs to research blood transfusion?
Richard L. Tower
Which researcher utilized dogs to research positive pressure respiration?
Robert Hooke
Which researcher utilized dogs to make the first blood pressure measurement?
Reverend Dr. Stephen Hales
Which researcher utilized dogs to discover the conditioned reflex response?
Ivan Pavlov - salivation experiments
Which researcher utilized dogs to discover the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus?
Banting and Best
Which researcher utilized dogs to discover treatments for heart defects (“Blue Baby Doctor”?
Alfred Blalock and Vivien Thomas
Toxicity studies overseen by the FDA require the use of a rodent or a non-rodent animal model. True or False?
False, it requires BOTH.
One disease that is studied in both dogs and humans is cyclic hematopoiesis. In this disease, there are periodic fluctuations of ___.
A. oxygen levels in the blood
B. neutrophils in the blood
C. red blood cells
D. carbon dioxide in the blood
B. neutrophils in the blood
Clinical presentation of glycogen storage disease (Von Gierke’s disease) is
A. lactic acidosis
B. growth retardation
C. failure to thrive
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
A provision in the Animal Welfare Act to ensure the safe keeping of animals is which of the following?
A. Proper maintenance of records and animal identification
B. Exercise requirements
C. Veterinary care for the animal
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
A ___ breeds and raises dogs on their own premises in a closed stable colony.
Class A licensed dealer
Describe the significance of Duke.
Scientists studied a dog named Duke involving canine oral papilloma virus (COPV) to develop. a vaccine
Was a precursor study for the HPV vaccine
narcolepsy
-caused by hypocretin peptide deficiency (gene mutation)
-humans do not have the gene mutation, but have undetectable levels of hypocretin
cyclic hematopoiesis
also known as gray collie syndrome (GCS)
autosomal recessive inherited disease
periodic fluctuations of neutrophils
decreased immune system
low life expectancy
leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)
leukocytes can’t adhere to vessel wall to migrate to sites of infection
leads to recurrent infections
commonly affects irish setters
hemophilia
different versions of hemophilia found in certain purebred dogs
Hemophilia A - Irish Setter
Hemophilia B - Cairn Terrier
Wilson’s disease
copper storage disease
inherited autosomal recessive
excessive copper accumulation
usually studied in dogs since it’s lethal to study in rodents. dueto their small size
GSD 1a Von Gierke’s Disease
-glycogen storage disease
-glycogen is needed to break down glucose for energy which requires glucose-6-phosphatase
-patients with this disease do not have the gene to code for that enzyme, so they cannot make their own glucose from glycogen
-constant need for glucose in the diet
-exhibits lactic acidosis
Animal Welfare Act (AWA)
federal statute oversees the sale, handling, transport, and use of animals
1966
later expanded definition in 1976
A ___ purchases animals from other breeders or facilities
Class B licensed dealer
USDA
performs unannounced inspections at least annually for compliance with the Animal Welfare Act
IACUC
institutional animal care and use committee
approves research on dogs
specific pathogen free (SPF)
list of diseases that a colony. isfree from
Which disease found in dogs has the following characteristics: there is a degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles in affected animals, animals exhibit debilitating limb contracture, golden retrievers are commonly affected, and the disease is transmitted via the X chromosome
A. Wilson’s disease
B. Glycogen storage disease
C. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
D. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
D. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
