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Myth Busting > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Flawed Methods of Procedure

A

Confirmation bias, Ignore Occam’s Razor, One hypothesis: Assumed to the correct, no attempt at falsification, Cherry-picking, Uncritical use of fraudulent or negative evidence, Shifting the burden of proof, Epistemic contextualism

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2
Q

Flawed Methods of Attitude

A

Appeal to some authority and expertise or rejection of authority and expertise, Adherence to outdated models, Play the part of scientists (with props)

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3
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

the simplest explanation is probably the right one

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4
Q

protagonists in the giant hunter show

A

brothers, stonemasons

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5
Q

flawed methods of procedure in giant hunter show

A

cherry-picking, uncritical use of fraudulent or negative evidence, confirmation bias

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6
Q

flawed methods of attitude in giant hunter show

A

adherence to outdated models, play the part of scientists, rejection of authority and expertise

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7
Q

Hugh Newman

A

giant author and researcher, giant hunting show

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8
Q

Gil Zamora

A

forensic artist, giant hunting show

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9
Q

evidence in the giant hunting show

A

Terry’s illness, Denisovan tooth, Catalina Island/Ralph Gidden records, giant bones found all over the world, forensic sketch of giant, tooth and pinky toe found in Siberia belong to Denisovans

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10
Q

what is the claim in the giant hunter show?

A

Denisovans (giants) island hopped their way into the Americas and interbred with the modern human

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11
Q

what were Gidden’s finds on Catalina Island?

A

28inch femur bone

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12
Q

what did Gidden do that made him uncredible?

A

kept sloppy notes, had a side-road attraction where he displayed the bones he excavated and sold them

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13
Q

Paxton Hayes

A

a well-known giant hunter who ended up destitute at the end of his life, visited the white house

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14
Q

what did Paxton Hayes do?

A

had a fight with a well-known scientist because the world wasn’t ready to accept his theory since it would rewrite history. worked with the Yaquis (lived with and respected them) and they told his stories of a lost city of giants

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15
Q

Richard Freud

A

an archaeologist (PhD) looking for Atlantis

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16
Q

Donana National Park

A

where Freud claimed Atlantis was, Atlantis show

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17
Q

evidence for Atlantis show

A

aerial pictures, geophysical prospection, Plato’s writings, surface archaeology, pedestrian survey, nautical prospection, two small statues of Ishtar, Atlantean carvings and Horns of bull deity

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18
Q

what biblical city did Freud claim Atlantis to be?

A

Tarshish/Tartessos

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19
Q

Cancho Roano

A

ruins of what Freud claims is a refugee village from Atlantis after the destruction. Atlantean carvings

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20
Q

Warrior Stelae

A

basic image of a warrior in a T pose with the three rings overhead

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21
Q

why are the Warrior Stelae a flawed method of procedure?

A

cherry-picking: many cultures used similar carvings and drawings,

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22
Q

what does the carving of the horns of the bull deity mean?

A

contact with the Phoenicians

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23
Q

aerial & satellite imagery

A

used to find sites you cannot see on the ground

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24
Q

pedestrian survey

A

locate sites and artifacts. people walk in straight lines and scan the ground for surface level artifacts

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25
surface archaeology
record artifacts, features, and ecofacts on a site
26
geophysical prospection
detects disturbances in the soil
27
garden creek site
hopewell ditch-and-embankment found by geophysical prospection
28
places where Atlantis has been believed to be
Morocco, the Bahamas, Indonesia, Bolivia, Antarctica
29
why was Atlantis believed to be in Morocco?
Mathematical model using 51 "clues" from the dialogues of Plato, Passed Strait of Gebralter, Sous-Massa Plain => Nothing found
30
why was Atlantis believed to be in Indonesia?
Island fits with 60 "clues" from the dialogues of Plato, Trading region, Gunung Padang Megalith
31
why was Atlantis believed to be in Bolivia?
Tiwanaku
32
why was Atlantis believed to be in Antarctica?
Questionable pyramids: probably just mountains
33
why was Atlantis believed to be in Antarctica?
34
diffusion
one thing melding into another thing; the spread of people, things, and ideas from one region to another
35
provenience
the origin of something; where something came from
36
Thor Hyerdol
Kon Tiki Expedition (1947) - could people sail from the Mediterranean to the Americas in Roman times?
37
how could historical linguistics prove diffusion?
Empirical evidence of past migrants, Comparative word lists to measure similarity in languages, Established "genetic" relationships among languages, glottochronology
38
Glottochronology
language "mutations" to infer time
39
how could genetics prove diffusion?
Biological affinities of past and present people
40
how could writings prove diffusion?
Stone inscriptions, Latin inscriptions in Europe on monuments, tablets, etc, Latin influences/inscriptions in North America all from last 500 years…
41
how could goods and foods prove diffusion?
Context: How does an archaeological find relate to its provenience (where something came from)? Provenience: Polynesian chickens in South America by AD 700-1400, Provenience - where an artifact comes from, Caveats - things (artifacts) can move somewhat independently of people
42
Caveats
things (artifacts) can move somewhat independently of people
43
what was the swastika's first meaning?
Meant good luck - popular symbol, Sanskrit word "svastika" means "auspicious", Native American symbol for "migration" or "four direction" or "sun"
44
why is it likely that the Mayan pyramids and the Egyptian pyramids are not derived from a mother civilization?
difference in building: Mayan's were made all in one go, Egyptian's were made over a course of 400 years difference in function: Mayan's were temples, Egyptian's were burial chambers
45
Theosophical Society
1875 - founded by Helena Blavatsky - modern spiritualist
46
Graham Hancock
Ancient monuments encode knowledge from these "civilizers" (10,000 BCE)
47
Crustal Displacement Theory
1958 - the hypothesis that the Earth’s continents have moved over geologic time
48
Edgar Cayce
The Sleeping Prophet - had hypnotic visions of Atlantis, claimed they could use magic and were very technologically advanced
49
ESP
Extrasensory Perception - spiritually projecting to find archaeological sites. not real form of science (must be falsifiable)
50
Stephan Ossowiecki
Polish psychic, usually inaccurate interpretations of the past (bias)
51
inference and intuition
common sense - where would people want to live and why? Defensive => on a hill, farming => flat plain, near a river
52
Giza Plateau pyramid workers
uncovered barracks, bakeries, and breweries (worker's town),
53
NHPA
National Historic Preservation Act 1966
54
WPA
Work Progress Administration - Federal archaeology put people to work during the Great Depression
55
National Historic Preservation Act (1966): Section 106
Requires mitigation of archaeological sites impacted by "undertakings"
56
Case Study: Townsend Sites, TN
Mitigation of an ancestral Cherokee site by CRM unit at UT-Knoxville Phase 1: Where are sites in the area of impact? Shovel-digging test pit near Hwy 321 Phase 2: What's at these sites? Stone tools Phase 3: Recover data (that would otherwise be destroyed) Identification of Cherokee structures dating to 18th Century: winter house and summer house Stakeholders? Cherokee Landowners, private and public State Government Project developers Archaeologists: University of Tennessee and beyond Museums educate the public and train students
57
Clovis
thought to be the earliest people in America, made Clovis stone tools (indented bottom), said to have come over on an ice bridge (Solutrean Hypothesis, Siberian Hypothesis)
58
Solutrean Hypothesis
Ice bridge from Europe to East cost of America
59
Siberian Hypothesis
Ice bridge from Russia to Alaska (Beringia)
60
genetic evidence for Siberian Hypothesis
Biological anthropology (individuals and populations), DNA from living populations, DNA can provide a measure of common ancestry, Nearly all mtDNA haplogroups show unambiguous connection to Asia, Y-Chromosome DNA shows similar pattern, Ancient DNA specimens
61
linguistic evidence for Siberian Hypothesis
America language family
62
Bioarchaeological evidence for Siberian Hypothesis
Ancient DNA specimens
63
Environmental evidence for Siberian Hypothesis
Shows possible routes: Where is crust bouncing back? (glacier weighed down surface of earth)
64
evidence for Solutrean Hypothesis
Ethnograhic analogy = voyage possible, Similar stone tools, Cherry-picking the stone tools to fit the hypothesis, Many Clovis sites in eastern US, mtDNA haplogroup "X" is ambiguous
65
issues with Solutrean Hypothesis
Time gap from Solutrean to Clovis Culture (16,000 BCE & 11,000 BCE), Similar tools could be parallel invention, Can be taken out of context by public, Solutrean hypothesis taken as fact by white nationalists
66
George McJunkin
freed slave that found stone tools on his farm => first Clovis tools found
67
Anzick Boy
Burial with Clovis artifacts around 12,600 before present, Collaboration not Confrontation Genetics = Native American Reburied in 2014 following genetic and archaeological study
68
End of Clovis Culture hypotheses
Over-kill (hunting) Big game hunting Circulation of stone tools = Migration up to 200 miles Also hunted smaller animals (turtles, rabbits) and farmed crops Not all big game => Lions, sloth, were not hunted but went extinct over-chill (climate change), over-ill (disease), over-grill (comet => burned layers at Clovis site)
69
what might Clovis culture be the cause of?
the extinction of the megafauna
70
Monte Verde, Chile
Pre-Clovis migrations, Radiocarbon dating of seeds embedded in footprints = 23-21kya

Myth Busting (1 decks)

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