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Myth Busting > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Flawed Methods of Procedure

A

Confirmation bias, Ignore Occam’s Razor, One hypothesis: Assumed to the correct, no attempt at falsification, Cherry-picking, Uncritical use of fraudulent or negative evidence, Shifting the burden of proof, Epistemic contextualism

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2
Q

Flawed Methods of Attitude

A

Appeal to some authority and expertise or rejection of authority and expertise, Adherence to outdated models, Play the part of scientists (with props)

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3
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

the simplest explanation is probably the right one

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4
Q

protagonists in the giant hunter show

A

brothers, stonemasons

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5
Q

flawed methods of procedure in giant hunter show

A

cherry-picking, uncritical use of fraudulent or negative evidence, confirmation bias

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6
Q

flawed methods of attitude in giant hunter show

A

adherence to outdated models, play the part of scientists, rejection of authority and expertise

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7
Q

Hugh Newman

A

giant author and researcher, giant hunting show

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8
Q

Gil Zamora

A

forensic artist, giant hunting show

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9
Q

evidence in the giant hunting show

A

Terry’s illness, Denisovan tooth, Catalina Island/Ralph Gidden records, giant bones found all over the world, forensic sketch of giant, tooth and pinky toe found in Siberia belong to Denisovans

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10
Q

what is the claim in the giant hunter show?

A

Denisovans (giants) island hopped their way into the Americas and interbred with the modern human

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11
Q

what were Gidden’s finds on Catalina Island?

A

28inch femur bone

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12
Q

what did Gidden do that made him uncredible?

A

kept sloppy notes, had a side-road attraction where he displayed the bones he excavated and sold them

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13
Q

Paxton Hayes

A

a well-known giant hunter who ended up destitute at the end of his life, visited the white house

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14
Q

what did Paxton Hayes do?

A

had a fight with a well-known scientist because the world wasn’t ready to accept his theory since it would rewrite history. worked with the Yaquis (lived with and respected them) and they told his stories of a lost city of giants

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15
Q

Richard Freud

A

an archaeologist (PhD) looking for Atlantis

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16
Q

Donana National Park

A

where Freud claimed Atlantis was, Atlantis show

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17
Q

evidence for Atlantis show

A

aerial pictures, geophysical prospection, Plato’s writings, surface archaeology, pedestrian survey, nautical prospection, two small statues of Ishtar, Atlantean carvings and Horns of bull deity

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18
Q

what biblical city did Freud claim Atlantis to be?

A

Tarshish/Tartessos

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19
Q

Cancho Roano

A

ruins of what Freud claims is a refugee village from Atlantis after the destruction. Atlantean carvings

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20
Q

Warrior Stelae

A

basic image of a warrior in a T pose with the three rings overhead

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21
Q

why are the Warrior Stelae a flawed method of procedure?

A

cherry-picking: many cultures used similar carvings and drawings,

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22
Q

what does the carving of the horns of the bull deity mean?

A

contact with the Phoenicians

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23
Q

aerial & satellite imagery

A

used to find sites you cannot see on the ground

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24
Q

pedestrian survey

A

locate sites and artifacts. people walk in straight lines and scan the ground for surface level artifacts

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25
Q

surface archaeology

A

record artifacts, features, and ecofacts on a site

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26
Q

geophysical prospection

A

detects disturbances in the soil

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27
Q

garden creek site

A

hopewell ditch-and-embankment found by geophysical prospection

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28
Q

places where Atlantis has been believed to be

A

Morocco, the Bahamas, Indonesia, Bolivia, Antarctica

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29
Q

why was Atlantis believed to be in Morocco?

A

Mathematical model using 51 “clues” from the dialogues of Plato, Passed Strait of Gebralter, Sous-Massa Plain => Nothing found

30
Q

why was Atlantis believed to be in Indonesia?

A

Island fits with 60 “clues” from the dialogues of Plato, Trading region, Gunung Padang Megalith

31
Q

why was Atlantis believed to be in Bolivia?

A

Tiwanaku

32
Q

why was Atlantis believed to be in Antarctica?

A

Questionable pyramids: probably just mountains

33
Q

why was Atlantis believed to be in Antarctica?

A
34
Q

diffusion

A

one thing melding into another thing; the spread of people, things, and ideas from one region to another

35
Q

provenience

A

the origin of something; where something came from

36
Q

Thor Hyerdol

A

Kon Tiki Expedition (1947) - could people sail from the Mediterranean to the Americas in Roman times?

37
Q

how could historical linguistics prove diffusion?

A

Empirical evidence of past migrants, Comparative word lists to measure similarity in languages, Established “genetic” relationships among languages, glottochronology

38
Q

Glottochronology

A

language “mutations” to infer time

39
Q

how could genetics prove diffusion?

A

Biological affinities of past and present people

40
Q

how could writings prove diffusion?

A

Stone inscriptions, Latin inscriptions in Europe on monuments, tablets, etc, Latin influences/inscriptions in North America all from last 500 years…

41
Q

how could goods and foods prove diffusion?

A

Context: How does an archaeological find relate to its provenience (where something came from)? Provenience: Polynesian chickens in South America by AD 700-1400, Provenience - where an artifact comes from, Caveats - things (artifacts) can move somewhat independently of people

42
Q

Caveats

A

things (artifacts) can move somewhat independently of people

43
Q

what was the swastika’s first meaning?

A

Meant good luck - popular symbol, Sanskrit word “svastika” means “auspicious”, Native American symbol for “migration” or “four direction” or “sun”

44
Q

why is it likely that the Mayan pyramids and the Egyptian pyramids are not derived from a mother civilization?

A

difference in building: Mayan’s were made all in one go, Egyptian’s were made over a course of 400 years
difference in function: Mayan’s were temples, Egyptian’s were burial chambers

45
Q

Theosophical Society

A

1875 - founded by Helena Blavatsky - modern spiritualist

46
Q

Graham Hancock

A

Ancient monuments encode knowledge from these “civilizers” (10,000 BCE)

47
Q

Crustal Displacement Theory

A

1958 - the hypothesis that the Earth’s continents have moved over geologic time

48
Q

Edgar Cayce

A

The Sleeping Prophet - had hypnotic visions of Atlantis, claimed they could use magic and were very technologically advanced

49
Q

ESP

A

Extrasensory Perception - spiritually projecting to find archaeological sites. not real form of science (must be falsifiable)

50
Q

Stephan Ossowiecki

A

Polish psychic, usually inaccurate interpretations of the past (bias)

51
Q

inference and intuition

A

common sense - where would people want to live and why? Defensive => on a hill, farming => flat plain, near a river

52
Q

Giza Plateau pyramid workers

A

uncovered barracks, bakeries, and breweries (worker’s town),

53
Q

NHPA

A

National Historic Preservation Act 1966

54
Q

WPA

A

Work Progress Administration - Federal archaeology put people to work during the Great Depression

55
Q

National Historic Preservation Act (1966): Section 106

A

Requires mitigation of archaeological sites impacted by “undertakings”

56
Q

Case Study: Townsend Sites, TN

A

Mitigation of an ancestral Cherokee site by CRM unit at UT-Knoxville
Phase 1: Where are sites in the area of impact?
Shovel-digging test pit near Hwy 321
Phase 2: What’s at these sites?
Stone tools
Phase 3: Recover data (that would otherwise be destroyed)
Identification of Cherokee structures dating to 18th Century: winter house and summer house
Stakeholders?
Cherokee
Landowners, private and public
State Government
Project developers
Archaeologists: University of Tennessee and beyond
Museums educate the public and train students

57
Q

Clovis

A

thought to be the earliest people in America, made Clovis stone tools (indented bottom), said to have come over on an ice bridge (Solutrean Hypothesis, Siberian Hypothesis)

58
Q

Solutrean Hypothesis

A

Ice bridge from Europe to East cost of America

59
Q

Siberian Hypothesis

A

Ice bridge from Russia to Alaska (Beringia)

60
Q

genetic evidence for Siberian Hypothesis

A

Biological anthropology (individuals and populations), DNA from living populations, DNA can provide a measure of common ancestry, Nearly all mtDNA haplogroups show unambiguous connection to Asia, Y-Chromosome DNA shows similar pattern, Ancient DNA specimens

61
Q

linguistic evidence for Siberian Hypothesis

A

America language family

62
Q

Bioarchaeological evidence for Siberian Hypothesis

A

Ancient DNA specimens

63
Q

Environmental evidence for Siberian Hypothesis

A

Shows possible routes: Where is crust bouncing back? (glacier weighed down surface of earth)

64
Q

evidence for Solutrean Hypothesis

A

Ethnograhic analogy = voyage possible, Similar stone tools, Cherry-picking the stone tools to fit the hypothesis, Many Clovis sites in eastern US, mtDNA haplogroup “X” is ambiguous

65
Q

issues with Solutrean Hypothesis

A

Time gap from Solutrean to Clovis Culture (16,000 BCE & 11,000 BCE), Similar tools could be parallel invention, Can be taken out of context by public, Solutrean hypothesis taken as fact by white nationalists

66
Q

George McJunkin

A

freed slave that found stone tools on his farm => first Clovis tools found

67
Q

Anzick Boy

A

Burial with Clovis artifacts around 12,600 before present, Collaboration not Confrontation
Genetics = Native American
Reburied in 2014 following genetic and archaeological study

68
Q

End of Clovis Culture hypotheses

A

Over-kill (hunting)
Big game hunting
Circulation of stone tools = Migration up to 200 miles
Also hunted smaller animals (turtles, rabbits) and farmed crops
Not all big game => Lions, sloth, were not hunted but went extinct
over-chill (climate change), over-ill (disease), over-grill (comet => burned layers at Clovis site)

69
Q

what might Clovis culture be the cause of?

A

the extinction of the megafauna

70
Q

Monte Verde, Chile

A

Pre-Clovis migrations, Radiocarbon dating of seeds embedded in footprints = 23-21kya

Myth Busting (1 decks)

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