Exam 2 Flashcards
What is cardiac output
How much blood is LEAVING the ventricle
Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output
What is rate of perfusion
measurement of how much blood gets to the tissues over a certain period of time
what is endothelium
internal lining of the blood vessels and heart
which layer is endothelium found in? (vessels)
TUNICA INTMA
what epithelium type is found in endothelium?
simple squamous epithelium
what is hydrostatic?
at the arterial end
responsible for filtration
forces fluid out of vessels to tissues
colloid
at the venous end
responsible for reabsorption
draws fluid into vessels from surrounding tissues
systolic ?
measures MAXIMUM stretch during ventricular systole ( contraction )
diastolic?
measures when artery recoils no further during ventricular diastole ( relaxation)
angiogenesis
creating new blood cells
ex. gaining fat or muscle tissue will cause blood vessels to grow in that area
regression
blood vessels in areas that are no longer active may regress
ex. losing fat or muscle tissue
what do capillaries do?
serve as sites of exchange
layer of the artery walls referring to endothelium
Tunica intima
layer of the artery wall that is THICK
tunica media
layer of the artery wall that helps anchor arteries and veins to structures
tunica externa
walls of veins are ….
thin
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa
artery lumen is ….
small
vein lumen is ….
large
valves ?
only present in veins … they prevent back flow
artery transports blood …?
away from heart
veins transport blood…?
towards the heart
coronary arteries blood …?
deliver oxygenated blood to the heart
coronary veins
deliver deoxygenated blood away from the heart
Know the heart chambers and blood flow process
- Superior or inferior vena cava receives deoxygenated blood from upper or lower limbs and sends that to the right atrium
- blood goes through the tricuspid valves and enters the right ventricle
- right ventricle send blood through the pulmonary semilunar valves and goes to the pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary trunk sends blood to pulmonary arteries to the lungs to get oxygenated
- lungs send blood through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
- left atrium sends blood through the bicuspid valves to left ventricles
- left ventricle sends blood to the aortic semilunar valves to the aortic arch where it is sent to the rest of the body.
describe position of the heart
apex anteroinferiorly to the left
ventricular walls are _____ than atria
thicker
which ventricle is thicker? right or left?
left
atria
receives blood from the veins
ventricle
pumps blood into arteries
epicardium
outside
areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue
simple squamous epithelium
myocardium
middle
cardiac muscle
endocardium
inside
made up of areolar connective tissue
nodal cell rmp
-60 mv
nodal cell @ threshold
-40 mv
nodal cell @ depolarization
0 mv
nodal cell @ repolarization
-60 mv
cardiac muscle rmp
-90 mv
cardiac muscle @ depolarization
+30 mv
cardiac muscle @ plateau
+ 30 mv ( no change)
cardiac muscle @ repolarization
-90 mv
EKG
measures the electrical activity of the heart
p wave
shows depolorization
QRS
biggest peak showing ventricle depolarization
t wave
shows repolarization
sympathetic
increase heart rate
increase force of concentration
signals that travel thoracic nerves (t1-t5)
parasympathetic
decreases heart rate
signals that travel to the heart along cranial nerve 10
purpose of SA nodes, AV nodes, AV bundle and Purkinje fibers
apart of the conduction system that initiates and conducts electrical systems
angiotensin 2 increases blood pressure by
vasoconstrictor
stimulates thirst center = more water makes more blood
decreases urine formation = keeps fluids in body
what are intercalated discs?
link cells together found in the cardiac tissue
what is chordae tendonae
collagen fibers that anchor from the papillary muscle
