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Linguistics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest units of language that carry meaning

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2
Q

Form

A

What a word sounds like when spoken

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3
Q

Meaning

A

The meaning of a word (cat and dog cannot be used interchangeably)

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4
Q

Lexical categories

A

Parts of speech

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5
Q

Open lexical categories

A

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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6
Q

Closed lexical categories

A

Pronouns, determiners (a, the, this, your), prepositions, conjunctions (and, or, but)

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7
Q

Derivational morphemes

A

Changes a word’s lexical category or meaning

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8
Q

Inflectional morphemes

A

The creation of different grammatical forms of a word

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9
Q

If it changes the part of speech, it must be derivational/inflectional

A

Derivational

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10
Q

If it is at the beginning of a word, it must be derivational/inflectional

A

Derivational

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11
Q

If it indicated grammatically relevant information, such as person, number, gender, or tense, it must be derivational/inflectional

A

Inflectional

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12
Q

Free morphemes

A

Can be used as words themselves

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13
Q

Bound morphemes

A

Cannot stand alone; must be attached to something else

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14
Q

Content morphemes

A

Carries semantic content; refers to something out in the world

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15
Q

Function morphemes

A

Contains primarily grammatically relevant information

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16
Q

Content words are

A

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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17
Q

Function words are

A

Determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions

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18
Q

Morphology

A

Area of linguistics associated with the formation of words and study of morphemes

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19
Q

The 8 inflectional morphemes

A

-s, -s’, -ed (2), -ing, -en, -er (comparison), -est

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20
Q

Homophonous morphemes

A

Morphemes that are the same but have a different meaning
-er (colder, inflectional) vs. (teacher, derivational)
-ing (running shoes, derivational) vs. (he is running, inflectional)

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21
Q

Compounding

A

Forming a new word from independent words rather than affixes (girlfriend, textbook, air-conditioner, lifeguard chair)

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22
Q

Affixation

A

Adding an affix to a word (Sara’s, Discover, Undomesticated)

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23
Q

Reduplication

A

Forming a new word by doubling an entire free morpheme (total reduplication) or part of it (partial reduplication) (bye bye, mama)

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24
Q

Alternations

A

A morpheme-internal modification that results in a change of meaning (man/men, bind/bound, foot/feet, ring/rung)

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25
Q

Suppletion

A

When a root has one or more inflected forms that are phonetically unrelated (is/was, go/went, are/were)

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26
Q

Open lexical categories

A

Nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs

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27
Q

Closed lexical categories

A

Conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, determiners

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28
Q

Allomorphs

A

A unit that varies phonetically but has the same meaning (malign/malignant, divide/divisible)

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29
Q

Allomorphs of the present tense/ plural morpheme

A

[s], [z], [əz]

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30
Q

Allomorphs of the past tense/plural morpheme

A

[t], [d], [əd]

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31
Q

Allomorphs of in-

A

[im] (before labials [p], [b], [m])
[il] (before l)
[iɹ] (before r)
[iŋ] (before velars [k], [g])
[in] (elsewhere, before vowels and other consonants)

32
Q

Root

A

The free morpheme or bound root in a word that contributes most semantic content to the word, and to which affixes can attach

33
Q

Stem

A

The base, consisting of one or more morphemes, to which some affix is added.

34
Q

Word order

A

The order of the syntactic constituents in a language (ex. SVO)

35
Q

Free word order

A

A language in which any word order is grammatically correct, however there is usually a dominant word order that writers default to

36
Q

Co-occurence

A

The set of syntactic properties that determines which expressions may or have to co-occur with some other expressions in a sentence

37
Q

Subject

A

The main person/thing being discussed

38
Q

Direct object

A

The NP denoting a person/thing that is the recipient of the action in a transitive verb (ex. The dog in Jimmy fed the dog)

39
Q

Indirect object

A

A NP referring to someone/thing that is affected by the action of a transitive verb; receives the direct object (ex. She gave HIM the address)

40
Q

Adverbial

A

Phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb (surprisingly well, right here, during the week)

41
Q

Argument

A

A linguistic expression that must occur in a sentence if some other expression occurs as well. (Ex. An apple in Sally devoured an apple)

42
Q

Complement

A

Non-subject verb argument (ex. The soup in the soup tastes good)

43
Q

Adjuncts

A

Expressions whose occurrence is purely optional (ex. On the table in the cat was sleeping on the table)

44
Q

Transitive verb

A

A verb that requires one or more objects to complete its meaning (turn on, push)

45
Q

Intransitive verb

A

A verb whose context does not entail a direct object (fly, listen)

46
Q

Ditransitive verb

A

A verb that requires two NP complements (gave, sell, tell)

47
Q

Sentential complement verbs

A

A verb that requires a clausal argument (thought in sally thought bob liked her)

48
Q

Embedded clause

A

A clause in the middle of another clause to give more information

49
Q

What makes a sentence?

A

A subject and verb or a NP and VP

50
Q

Meaning embeds 2 terms:

A

Sense (a description) and reference (the particular entities in real life to which the expression refers to)

51
Q

Hypernym

A

Encompasses different groups of a certain field (ex. Fruit)

52
Q

Hyponym

A

The specific categories of a hypernym (ex. Apples, bananas, grapes)

53
Q

Hyponyms are

A

Sister terms

54
Q

Complementary antonyms

A

Straightforward; one or the other (married/unmarried, alive/dead, win/lose)

55
Q

Gradable antonyms

A

Degrees between 2 antonyms (wet/dry, old/young)

56
Q

Reverses

A

One antonym reverses the other (put together/take apart, expand/contract, ascend/descend)

57
Q

Converses

A

One antonym requires the other (lend/borrow, send/receive, employer/employee, over/under)

58
Q

Meaning relationships encompasses

A

Synonyms, hypernyms and hyponyms, sister terms, antonyms

59
Q

What are suprasegmentals?

A

It is the phonetic characteristics of speech sound (length, tone, stress, intonation)

60
Q

Co-articulation

A

Changes in speech articulation of the current phoneme due to neighboring speech

61
Q

Auxiliary verbs

A

Verbs that support the sentence’s main verb so as to express tense or mood (have in I have finished)

62
Q

Monophtong

A

A simple vowel composed of a single configuration in the vocal chords (æ, o, u)

63
Q

Diphthong

A

A complex vowel composed of a sequence of two different configurations in the vocal chords (aI, eI)

64
Q

Phonotactic constraints

A

Restriction on possible combinations of sounds

65
Q

Ways of handling phonotactic constraints

A

Dropping or deleting one of the consonants or inserting a vowel to separate consonants are examples of ways to handle phonotactic constrains

66
Q

Phonemes vs allophones

A

Phonemes are a set of sounds and allophones are phonetic variations of the same phoneme 

67
Q

Contrastive distribution

A

Replacing one sound with the other in a word can change the words meaning (p and p^h in hindi have different meanings, e.g. [p^hel] is fruit and [pel] is moment) (bit and pit)

68
Q

Non-contrastive

A

Interchanging two sounds does not result in a change of meaning

69
Q

Aspiration

A

A puff of air transcribed with a super scripted [h] 

70
Q

Complementary distribution

A

Sounds in a language that are never found in the same phonetic environment. When sounds are in complementary distribution you will not find a minimal pair (spot, pot)

71
Q

Sounds that are in complementary distribution are

A

Allophones of the same phoneme (ex. t and t^h)

72
Q

Minimal pair

A

Two words with different meanings whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound

73
Q

Allophones of t

A

[t] stop
[t^h] top
[ʔ] kitten
[ɾ] little

74
Q

Basic allophone

A

 The allophone with the broader distribution; the elsewhere allophone 

75
Q

Restricted allophone

A

The allophone that appears in a more limited set of phonetic environments; follows a specific rule

76
Q

Constituency tests

A

A test applied to a portion of a sentence to provide evidence about the constituent structure

Linguistics (2 decks)

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