Exam 2 Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
A neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response
What are the components of classical conditioning?
Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response
What is generalization?
The CR is still observed even if the CS is slightly different (CR may be diminished)
What is discrimination?
Distinguishing between similar stimuli
What is habituation?
Repeated exposure to a stimuli reduces the response time
What is extinction?
A learned response will gradually disappear when the CS is presented without the US
What is spontaneous recovery?
Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a period of time
What is second-order conditioning?
A new CS is paired with the old CS and triggers the CR
What is biological preparedness?
A biological “knack” for learning certain associations over others
What is operant conditioning?
The consequences of an organism’s behavior determines whether it will repeat the behavior in the future
Who came up with the Law of Effect?
Edward L. Thorndike
What is the Law of Effect?
Behaviors that achieve something the organism wants are repeated, and vice versa
What is positive reinforcement?
A stimulus is PRESENTED that INCREASES a behavior
What is negative reinforcement?
A stimulus is REMOVED that INCREASES a behavior
What is positive punishment?
A stimulus is PRESENTED that REDUCES a behavior
What is negative punishment?
A stimulus is REMOVED that REDUCES a behavior
What is a primary reinforcer?
Directly satisfies biological needs (food, shelter)
What is a secondary reinforcer?
Connected to a biological needs and is effective through that connection
What is fixed-interval schedule?
Reinforcers are presented at FIXED time periods as long as the appropriate response occurs
What is fixed-ratio schedule?
Reinforcers are presented after a specific # of responses
What is variable-interval schedule?
Reinforced based off of average time since last reinforcement
What is variable-ratio schedule?
Reinforcement occurs after an average NUMBER of responses
What is continuous reinforcement?
Reinforcement occurs after every response
What is latent learning?
Something that is learned but doesn’t manifest until the future
What are cognitive maps?
Mental representation of physical features of the environment
What is observational learning?
An organism learns by watching others
What type of learning was exhibited by the children in Bandura’s experiment?
Observational learning
Who was the founder of the behaviorist movement?
John Watson
Who practiced operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What did Tolman argue?
Conditioning strengthens the belief that a specific reward will appear if a specific response occurs
What is encoding?
transforming perceptions into memory
What is storage?
Maintaining information in a memory over time
What is explicit memory?
Consciously retrieving past experiences (I remember…)
What is implicit memory?
Past experiences influence later behavior unconsciously
What are the 3 types of encoding?
Semantic, visual imagery, and organizational
What brain region is activated during SEMANTIC encoding?
Lower left frontal lobe and inner left temporal lobe
What brain region is activated during VISUAL IMAGERY encoding?
Occipital lobe
What brain region is activated during ORGANIZATIONAL encoding?
upper left frontal lobe
Which memories tend to be preserved more than others?
Survival-essential
Which psychologist studied iconic memory by flashing a group of letters at people?
George Sperling
Is procedural memory implicit or explicit?
Implicit
Is semantic memory implicit or explicit?
Explicit
What is semantic memory?
A network of concepts made of general knowledge of the world
Is episodic memory implicit or explicit?
Explicit
What is episodic memory?
Past personal memories of a time and place
Which “sin” involves forgetting what occurs over the passage of time?
Transience
What can increase transience by impairing EARLY memory?
Retroactive interference
What can increase transience by impairing LATER memory?
Proactive interference
Which “sin” involves a lapse in attention that causes memory failure (Yo-Yo Ma’s cello)?
Absentmindedness
Which “sin” involves the failure to retrieve info available in memory (tip-of-the-tongue)?
Blocking
Which “sin” can impair eyewitness testimony through assigning a recollection to the wrong source?
Memory misattribution
Damage to which brain region increases memory misattribution?
Frontal lobe
Which “sin” is the tendency to incorporate external info into personal memory?
Suggestibility
Which “sin” distorts past memory through present knowledge/beliefs?
Bias
Which “sin” is an intrusive memory of events we want to forget?
Interference
What brain region is vital to emotional memory?
Amygdala
Detailed recollection of our personal state during shocking events is:
Flashbulb memories
People with HIPPOCAMPAL AMNESIA can not:
imagine new experiences
People with RETROGRADE AMNESIA can not:
Retrieve information after a certain date (often injury or surgery)
People with ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA can not:
Transfer information from the short-term to long-term
What did Henry Molaison (HM) suffer from?
Anterograde amnesia
What is consolidation?
The process by which memories become stable and more resistant to disruption
What is REconsolidation?
Consolidating memories for the second time
Long term storage forms new synaptic connections between neurons. T or F?
True
Bringing to mind pre-coded information is called storage. T or F?
False
What is a retrieval cue?
External information that is associated with stored information
State-dependent retrieval refers to information that is easier to recall when a person is in the same state as they were during encoding. T or F?
True
Retrieval can IMPROVE subsequent memory. T or F?
True
Retrieval does not IMPAIR subsequent memory. T or F
FALSE
What are the three systems of memory according to Baddely?
Phonological loop, visuospatial scratchpad, and central executive
What is a schema?
Mental framework of our knowledge of the world
What is collaborative inhibition?
Individuals recall more individually than as a group
Why does collaborative inhibition occur?
Retrieval strategies may disrupt each other
Because of collaborative inhibition, it’s better to work alone than in a group. T or F?
False
Who is Elizabeth Loftus?
Found that memories change based on what we’re told
How many stages are in the Atkinson-Schiffrin theory of memory?
Three
Does sensory memory come before or after short-term memory in the Atkinson Schiffrin model?
Before
Does long-term memory come before or after short-term memory?
After
What is language?
A system for communication using signals that follow grammar rules
MORPHEMES are the smallest units of speech. T or F?
False
Morphemes are combinations of phonemes. T or F?
True
What is the BEHAVIORIST theory of language development?
Desirable language is rewarded, operant conditioning principles
What is the NATIVIST theory of language development?
Language is an innate biological ability
What is the INTERACTIONIST theory of language development?
Language is developed through social interaction
Language processing is concentrated in Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area during infancy. T or F?
False
Where is Broca’s area located?
Left frontal cortex
Where is Wernicke’s area located?
Left temporal cortex
Difficulty in producing and comprehending language due to damage to the Broca’s or Wernicke’s area is called:
Aphasia
