Exam 2

Question 1

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 1

A neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

Question 2

What are the components of classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response

Question 3

What is generalization?

Answer 3

The CR is still observed even if the CS is slightly different (CR may be diminished)

Question 4

What is discrimination?

Answer 4

Distinguishing between similar stimuli

Question 5

What is habituation?

Answer 5

Repeated exposure to a stimuli reduces the response time

Question 6

What is extinction?

Answer 6

A learned response will gradually disappear when the CS is presented without the US

Question 7

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 7

Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a period of time

Question 8

What is second-order conditioning?

Answer 8

A new CS is paired with the old CS and triggers the CR

Question 9

What is biological preparedness?

Answer 9

A biological “knack” for learning certain associations over others

Question 10

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 10

The consequences of an organism’s behavior determines whether it will repeat the behavior in the future

Question 11

Who came up with the Law of Effect?

Answer 11

Edward L. Thorndike

Question 12

What is the Law of Effect?

Answer 12

Behaviors that achieve something the organism wants are repeated, and vice versa

Question 13

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 13

A stimulus is PRESENTED that INCREASES a behavior

Question 14

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 14

A stimulus is REMOVED that INCREASES a behavior

Question 15

What is positive punishment?

Answer 15

A stimulus is PRESENTED that REDUCES a behavior

Question 16

What is negative punishment?

Answer 16

A stimulus is REMOVED that REDUCES a behavior

Question 17

What is a primary reinforcer?

Answer 17

Directly satisfies biological needs (food, shelter)

Question 18

What is a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 18

Connected to a biological needs and is effective through that connection

Question 19

What is fixed-interval schedule?

Answer 19

Reinforcers are presented at FIXED time periods as long as the appropriate response occurs

Question 20

What is fixed-ratio schedule?

Answer 20

Reinforcers are presented after a specific # of responses

Question 21

What is variable-interval schedule?

Answer 21

Reinforced based off of average time since last reinforcement

Question 22

What is variable-ratio schedule?

Answer 22

Reinforcement occurs after an average NUMBER of responses

Question 23

What is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 23

Reinforcement occurs after every response

Question 24

What is latent learning?

Answer 24

Something that is learned but doesn’t manifest until the future

Question 25

What are cognitive maps?

Answer 25

Mental representation of physical features of the environment

Question 26

What is observational learning?

Answer 26

An organism learns by watching others

Question 27

What type of learning was exhibited by the children in Bandura's experiment?

Answer 27

Observational learning

Question 28

Who was the founder of the behaviorist movement?

Answer 28

John Watson

Question 29

Who practiced operant conditioning?

Answer 29

B.F. Skinner

Question 30

What did Tolman argue?

Answer 30

Conditioning strengthens the belief that a specific reward will appear if a specific response occurs

Question 31

What is encoding?

Answer 31

transforming perceptions into memory

Question 32

What is storage?

Answer 32

Maintaining information in a memory over time

Question 33

What is explicit memory?

Answer 33

Consciously retrieving past experiences (I remember...)

Question 34

What is implicit memory?

Answer 34

Past experiences influence later behavior unconsciously

Question 35

What are the 3 types of encoding?

Answer 35

Semantic, visual imagery, and organizational

Question 36

What brain region is activated during SEMANTIC encoding?

Answer 36

Lower left frontal lobe and inner left temporal lobe

Question 37

What brain region is activated during VISUAL IMAGERY encoding?

Answer 37

Occipital lobe

Question 38

What brain region is activated during ORGANIZATIONAL encoding?

Answer 38

upper left frontal lobe

Question 39

Which memories tend to be preserved more than others?

Answer 39

Survival-essential

Question 40

Which psychologist studied iconic memory by flashing a group of letters at people?

Answer 40

George Sperling

Question 41

Is procedural memory implicit or explicit?

Answer 41

Implicit

Question 42

Is semantic memory implicit or explicit?

Answer 42

Explicit

Question 43

What is semantic memory?

Answer 43

A network of concepts made of general knowledge of the world

Question 44

Is episodic memory implicit or explicit?

Answer 44

Explicit

Question 45

What is episodic memory?

Answer 45

Past personal memories of a time and place

Question 46

Which "sin" involves forgetting what occurs over the passage of time?

Answer 46

Transience

Question 47

What can increase transience by impairing EARLY memory?

Answer 47

Retroactive interference

Question 48

What can increase transience by impairing LATER memory?

Answer 48

Proactive interference

Question 49

Which "sin" involves a lapse in attention that causes memory failure (Yo-Yo Ma's cello)?

Answer 49

Absentmindedness

Question 50

Which "sin" involves the failure to retrieve info available in memory (tip-of-the-tongue)?

Answer 50

Blocking

Question 51

Which "sin" can impair eyewitness testimony through assigning a recollection to the wrong source?

Answer 51

Memory misattribution

Question 52

Damage to which brain region increases memory misattribution?

Answer 52

Frontal lobe

Question 53

Which "sin" is the tendency to incorporate external info into personal memory?

Answer 53

Suggestibility

Question 54

Which "sin" distorts past memory through present knowledge/beliefs?

Answer 54

Bias

Question 55

Which "sin" is an intrusive memory of events we want to forget?

Answer 55

Interference

Question 56

What brain region is vital to emotional memory?

Answer 56

Amygdala

Question 57

Detailed recollection of our personal state during shocking events is:

Answer 57

Flashbulb memories

Question 58

People with HIPPOCAMPAL AMNESIA can not:

Answer 58

imagine new experiences

Question 59

People with RETROGRADE AMNESIA can not:

Answer 59

Retrieve information after a certain date (often injury or surgery)

Question 60

People with ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA can not:

Answer 60

Transfer information from the short-term to long-term

Question 61

What did Henry Molaison (HM) suffer from?

Answer 61

Anterograde amnesia

Question 62

What is consolidation?

Answer 62

The process by which memories become stable and more resistant to disruption

Question 63

What is REconsolidation?

Answer 63

Consolidating memories for the second time

Question 64

Long term storage forms new synaptic connections between neurons. T or F?

Answer 64

True

Question 65

Bringing to mind pre-coded information is called storage. T or F?

Answer 65

False

Question 66

What is a retrieval cue?

Answer 66

External information that is associated with stored information

Question 67

State-dependent retrieval refers to information that is easier to recall when a person is in the same state as they were during encoding. T or F?

Answer 67

True

Question 68

Retrieval can IMPROVE subsequent memory. T or F?

Answer 68

True

Question 69

Retrieval does not IMPAIR subsequent memory. T or F

Answer 69

FALSE

Question 70

What are the three systems of memory according to Baddely?

Answer 70

Phonological loop, visuospatial scratchpad, and central executive

Question 71

What is a schema?

Answer 71

Mental framework of our knowledge of the world

Question 72

What is collaborative inhibition?

Answer 72

Individuals recall more individually than as a group

Question 73

Why does collaborative inhibition occur?

Answer 73

Retrieval strategies may disrupt each other

Question 74

Because of collaborative inhibition, it's better to work alone than in a group. T or F?

Answer 74

False

Question 75

Who is Elizabeth Loftus?

Answer 75

Found that memories change based on what we're told

Question 76

How many stages are in the Atkinson-Schiffrin theory of memory?

Answer 76

Three

Question 77

Does sensory memory come before or after short-term memory in the Atkinson Schiffrin model?

Answer 77

Before

Question 78

Does long-term memory come before or after short-term memory?

Answer 78

After

Question 79

What is language?

Answer 79

A system for communication using signals that follow grammar rules

Question 80

MORPHEMES are the smallest units of speech. T or F?

Answer 80

False

Question 81

Morphemes are combinations of phonemes. T or F?

Answer 81

True

Question 82

What is the BEHAVIORIST theory of language development?

Answer 82

Desirable language is rewarded, operant conditioning principles

Question 83

What is the NATIVIST theory of language development?

Answer 83

Language is an innate biological ability

Question 84

What is the INTERACTIONIST theory of language development?

Answer 84

Language is developed through social interaction

Question 85

Language processing is concentrated in Broca's area and Wernicke's area during infancy. T or F?

Answer 85

False

Question 86

Where is Broca's area located?

Answer 86

Left frontal cortex

Question 87

Where is Wernicke's area located?

Answer 87

Left temporal cortex

Question 88

Difficulty in producing and comprehending language due to damage to the Broca's or Wernicke's area is called:

Answer 88

Aphasia