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Psych 202 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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2
Q

What are the components of classical conditioning?

A

Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response

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3
Q

What is generalization?

A

The CR is still observed even if the CS is slightly different (CR may be diminished)

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4
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Distinguishing between similar stimuli

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5
Q

What is habituation?

A

Repeated exposure to a stimuli reduces the response time

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6
Q

What is extinction?

A

A learned response will gradually disappear when the CS is presented without the US

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7
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a period of time

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8
Q

What is second-order conditioning?

A

A new CS is paired with the old CS and triggers the CR

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9
Q

What is biological preparedness?

A

A biological “knack” for learning certain associations over others

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10
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

The consequences of an organism’s behavior determines whether it will repeat the behavior in the future

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11
Q

Who came up with the Law of Effect?

A

Edward L. Thorndike

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12
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

Behaviors that achieve something the organism wants are repeated, and vice versa

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13
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

A stimulus is PRESENTED that INCREASES a behavior

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14
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

A stimulus is REMOVED that INCREASES a behavior

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15
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

A stimulus is PRESENTED that REDUCES a behavior

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16
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

A stimulus is REMOVED that REDUCES a behavior

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17
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

Directly satisfies biological needs (food, shelter)

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18
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

Connected to a biological needs and is effective through that connection

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19
Q

What is fixed-interval schedule?

A

Reinforcers are presented at FIXED time periods as long as the appropriate response occurs

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20
Q

What is fixed-ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcers are presented after a specific # of responses

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21
Q

What is variable-interval schedule?

A

Reinforced based off of average time since last reinforcement

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22
Q

What is variable-ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcement occurs after an average NUMBER of responses

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23
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement occurs after every response

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24
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Something that is learned but doesn’t manifest until the future

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25
Q

What are cognitive maps?

A

Mental representation of physical features of the environment

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26
Q

What is observational learning?

A

An organism learns by watching others

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27
Q

What type of learning was exhibited by the children in Bandura’s experiment?

A

Observational learning

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28
Q

Who was the founder of the behaviorist movement?

A

John Watson

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29
Q

Who practiced operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner

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30
Q

What did Tolman argue?

A

Conditioning strengthens the belief that a specific reward will appear if a specific response occurs

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31
Q

What is encoding?

A

transforming perceptions into memory

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32
Q

What is storage?

A

Maintaining information in a memory over time

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33
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Consciously retrieving past experiences (I remember…)

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34
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Past experiences influence later behavior unconsciously

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35
Q

What are the 3 types of encoding?

A

Semantic, visual imagery, and organizational

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36
Q

What brain region is activated during SEMANTIC encoding?

A

Lower left frontal lobe and inner left temporal lobe

37
Q

What brain region is activated during VISUAL IMAGERY encoding?

A

Occipital lobe

38
Q

What brain region is activated during ORGANIZATIONAL encoding?

A

upper left frontal lobe

39
Q

Which memories tend to be preserved more than others?

A

Survival-essential

40
Q

Which psychologist studied iconic memory by flashing a group of letters at people?

A

George Sperling

41
Q

Is procedural memory implicit or explicit?

A

Implicit

42
Q

Is semantic memory implicit or explicit?

A

Explicit

43
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

A network of concepts made of general knowledge of the world

44
Q

Is episodic memory implicit or explicit?

A

Explicit

45
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Past personal memories of a time and place

46
Q

Which “sin” involves forgetting what occurs over the passage of time?

A

Transience

47
Q

What can increase transience by impairing EARLY memory?

A

Retroactive interference

48
Q

What can increase transience by impairing LATER memory?

A

Proactive interference

49
Q

Which “sin” involves a lapse in attention that causes memory failure (Yo-Yo Ma’s cello)?

A

Absentmindedness

50
Q

Which “sin” involves the failure to retrieve info available in memory (tip-of-the-tongue)?

A

Blocking

51
Q

Which “sin” can impair eyewitness testimony through assigning a recollection to the wrong source?

A

Memory misattribution

52
Q

Damage to which brain region increases memory misattribution?

A

Frontal lobe

53
Q

Which “sin” is the tendency to incorporate external info into personal memory?

A

Suggestibility

54
Q

Which “sin” distorts past memory through present knowledge/beliefs?

A

Bias

55
Q

Which “sin” is an intrusive memory of events we want to forget?

A

Interference

56
Q

What brain region is vital to emotional memory?

A

Amygdala

57
Q

Detailed recollection of our personal state during shocking events is:

A

Flashbulb memories

58
Q

People with HIPPOCAMPAL AMNESIA can not:

A

imagine new experiences

59
Q

People with RETROGRADE AMNESIA can not:

A

Retrieve information after a certain date (often injury or surgery)

60
Q

People with ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA can not:

A

Transfer information from the short-term to long-term

61
Q

What did Henry Molaison (HM) suffer from?

A

Anterograde amnesia

62
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The process by which memories become stable and more resistant to disruption

63
Q

What is REconsolidation?

A

Consolidating memories for the second time

64
Q

Long term storage forms new synaptic connections between neurons. T or F?

A

True

65
Q

Bringing to mind pre-coded information is called storage. T or F?

A

False

66
Q

What is a retrieval cue?

A

External information that is associated with stored information

67
Q

State-dependent retrieval refers to information that is easier to recall when a person is in the same state as they were during encoding. T or F?

A

True

68
Q

Retrieval can IMPROVE subsequent memory. T or F?

A

True

69
Q

Retrieval does not IMPAIR subsequent memory. T or F

A

FALSE

70
Q

What are the three systems of memory according to Baddely?

A

Phonological loop, visuospatial scratchpad, and central executive

71
Q

What is a schema?

A

Mental framework of our knowledge of the world

72
Q

What is collaborative inhibition?

A

Individuals recall more individually than as a group

73
Q

Why does collaborative inhibition occur?

A

Retrieval strategies may disrupt each other

74
Q

Because of collaborative inhibition, it’s better to work alone than in a group. T or F?

A

False

75
Q

Who is Elizabeth Loftus?

A

Found that memories change based on what we’re told

76
Q

How many stages are in the Atkinson-Schiffrin theory of memory?

A

Three

77
Q

Does sensory memory come before or after short-term memory in the Atkinson Schiffrin model?

A

Before

78
Q

Does long-term memory come before or after short-term memory?

A

After

79
Q

What is language?

A

A system for communication using signals that follow grammar rules

80
Q

MORPHEMES are the smallest units of speech. T or F?

A

False

81
Q

Morphemes are combinations of phonemes. T or F?

A

True

82
Q

What is the BEHAVIORIST theory of language development?

A

Desirable language is rewarded, operant conditioning principles

83
Q

What is the NATIVIST theory of language development?

A

Language is an innate biological ability

84
Q

What is the INTERACTIONIST theory of language development?

A

Language is developed through social interaction

85
Q

Language processing is concentrated in Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area during infancy. T or F?

A

False

86
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Left frontal cortex

87
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Left temporal cortex

88
Q

Difficulty in producing and comprehending language due to damage to the Broca’s or Wernicke’s area is called:

A

Aphasia

Psych 202 (1 decks)

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