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Media and Politics Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

name the 10 common types of bias

A
  1. Coverage
  2. Theoretical
  3. Perceptual
  4. Money
  5. Visual
  6. Recency
  7. Status Quo
  8. Fairness and balance
  9. Bad new bias
  10. Political bias
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2
Q

what is coverage bias?

A

what to publish, when to publish and how much (linked with agenda setting)

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3
Q

what is theoretical bias? (what are the three main roles)

A

roles that the news media has adopted for themselves. these roles include: objectivity, watchdog and advocacy/social responsibilty

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4
Q

what is perceptual bias? (and how does this impact the different political parties)

A

bias that is coming from the audience and not the media. (example; Jim Lara on Colbert “favour of neutrality”). Politically republicans/independents see a liberal bias, liberals don’t see conservative bias they see other bias

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5
Q

what is money bias?

A

the news media is commercial and a business and must therefore make money. This can therefore lead to sensationalism

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6
Q

what is visual bias?

A

humans dominant sense is sight. news media will use visuals as a way to get across messages to an audience

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7
Q

what is recency bias?

A

a cognitive bias that favors recent events over historic ones. 24hr news has lead to less news overall and more speculation of what is going to happen

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8
Q

what is status quo bias?

A

operating out of a democratic capitalism news reifies the system instead of challenging it. Emotional bias that creates an unwillingness to incite change

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9
Q

what is fairness and balance bias?

A

every issue should be given equal time and equal space in the news media although they might not be of equal worth

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10
Q

what is bad news bias?

A

“if it bleeds, it leads”, american news focuses on the bad and negative and people are drawn to this. Linked to sensationalism

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11
Q

what percentage of mainstream media are negative?

A

90%

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12
Q

what percentage of mainstream media headlines are sensationalist?

A

95%

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13
Q

what is political bias?

A

journalists are overwhelmingly liberal

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14
Q

what are the four types of bias?

A

bias by omission
bias by labelling
unbalanced use of sources
sandwiching

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15
Q

what is bias by omission?

A

coverage or facts that have been left out in order to complete a narrative

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16
Q

what is bias by labelling?

A

labelling political parties in mainstream media (happens mainly to those on the right)

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17
Q

what does it mean ‘bias by using unbalanced sources’?

A

mainstream media outlets heavily use liberal sources over conservative. consistent 2 to 1 use in media reports

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18
Q

what is sandwiching?

A

the placement of one view on an issue between two contrasting opinions. for example a bad piece of news inbetween two pieces of good news

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19
Q

how effective are political advertisements? what is the most effective advert?

A

Overall not very effect. The most effect are surfacing ads

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20
Q

What is the boomerang effect? (give a percentage)

A

adverts have the opposite effect than what was intended after the audience has seen it (around 8%)

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21
Q

who do political advertisements affect?

A

a small of percentage of people that are not linked to a specific political party and are in a swing state

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22
Q

when was the first political advertisement? who was it form and what was it called?

A

1952, General Dwight Eisenhower, ‘I like Ike’

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23
Q

what is the most identifiable ad in US history

A

“daisy girl”, 1964 (attack ad on goldwater)

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24
Q

what are the four campaign phases?

A

ID spots, Argument spots, Attack spots, Visionary spots

25
Q

what are ID spots?

A

surfacing ads. who the candidate is, what they want to identify with

26
Q

what are argument spots?

A

identifies candidates and what they stand for

27
Q

what are attack spots?

A

designed to reduce credibility

28
Q

what are the four types of attack spots?

A

issues and opinions
group associations
experience and prior record
personal qualities

29
Q

what are visionary spots?

A

dignified, reflective and thoughtful image of the candidate

30
Q

what is an advocacy ad?

A

type of attack ad done by third party organisations (corporations can no longer be restricted on voicing their political opinions). example, citizens united vs. federal elections comission

31
Q

what happened to viewer numbers when sports channel commented on politics? why?

A

ratings dropped, many viewers explained that they turn to sports as a means of escapism.

32
Q

how many agreed that politics should not be involved in sports?

A

74.4%. Many stopped watching NFL due to political issues

33
Q

late night comedy shows audience consist mainly of what?

A

those that lean politically to the left

34
Q

What is humour

A

quality that appeals to a sense of the ludicrous or absurdly incongruous; funny or amusing quality; light-hearted and not hurtful

35
Q

what is parody?

A

an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect

36
Q

what is caraicture?

A

a depiction of a person or thing in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect

37
Q

what is irony?

A

the expression of ones meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite typically for humorous or emphatic effect. (a mild to harsh sarcasm/mockery)

38
Q

what is ridicule?

A

the subjection of someone or something to contemptuous and dismissive language or behaviour

39
Q

what is sarcasm?

A

the use of irony to mock or convey contempt

40
Q

what is mockery?

A

teasing or contemptuous language or behaviour directed at a particular person or thing. an absurd misrepresentation or imitation of something

41
Q

what is an abusive ad hominem?

A

malice, attacking the person, not the argument

42
Q

what is satire?

A

a genre of literature in which vices, follies, abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporation, government or society itself. satire is usually pointed, but can range from pointed to simply cruel.

43
Q

name some aspects of sports journalism?

A

boosterism, sponsorship and political, neutral framework, civic responsibility, escapism and limitation of journalism

44
Q

give an example of a story that crossed the borders between sports journalism and news media?

A

Colin Kaepernick’s stand against racial injustice.

45
Q

what is agenda setting?

A

direct correlation between amount of press coverage and publics perception of importance of an issue or event

46
Q

what does bernard cohen say about the press?

A

“the press may not be successful in telling its readers to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling it’s readers what to think about”

47
Q

what does agenda setting do?

A

affirms the media power over the news and readers

48
Q

what is agenda extension?

A

the process whereby new stories and editorials act to shape our awareness, understanding and evaluation of issues and events in a particular direction

49
Q

what is a frame? (Gamson)

A

a central organising idea for making sense of relevant events and suggesting what is an issue - Gamson

50
Q

what happens to facts when framed?

A

facts are neutral until framed, they taken on meaning once embedded. frames take “some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text”

51
Q

what does the quote from m&s say?

A

major events, concerns, issues and press inadvertently plays an agenda-setting influence role

52
Q

During the Watergate scandal what was the first news media frame?

A

election campaign frame. minor story that wasn’t really covered and played down as dirty politics. covered mostly by local news

53
Q

what was the second media frame of the Watergate scandal?

A

Continuing Washington Scandal. frame begins to shift and starts to make front page news and be covered nationally. ultimately leading to Nixon’s resignation

54
Q

what are the four aspects of frame?

A

define problems, diagnose causes, suggest solutions, suggest moral positioning

55
Q

what do frames do?

A

provide interpretative cues for otherwise neutral facts

56
Q

what is guided interpretation?

A

the presence or absence of certain keywords, phrases, images, sources of information and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgements.

57
Q

what is salience?

A

frames highlight some features of reality over others. making some facts more easily seen than others

58
Q

how can you see frames?

A

through comparative analysis

59
Q

give an example of the power of frames

A

KKK study.

group one had a KKK march framed as an expression of free speech and when poled supported their right to march

group two had a KKK march framed as a disruption of peace and when poled opposed the march

Media and Politics Exam 2 (1 decks)

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