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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory

A

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

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2
Q

all cells have

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

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3
Q

All prokaryotic cells have

A

cell membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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4
Q

Some prokaryotic cells have

A

a cell wall, pili (singular: pilus), flagella (singular: flagellum) and a capsule

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5
Q

All eukaryotic cells have

A

Plasma membrane
* Nucleus
* Endoplasmic reticulum
* Golgi body
* Vesicles
* Mitochondria
* Ribosomes
* Cytoskeleton

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6
Q

Some eukaryotic cells have

A

chloroplast and vacuole

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7
Q

cell membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells

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8
Q

selective permeable

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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9
Q

Nucleus components

A

nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nucleoplasm ,chromatin

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10
Q

Rough ER

A

makes proteins w/ ribosomes and transport vesicles

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11
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomes, makes lipids for membrane, makes and stores carbohydrates, makes transport vesicles

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12
Q

Glogi Apparatus

A

Processes, sorts and packages proteins and lipids

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13
Q

Vesicles

A

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

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14
Q

lysomes and peroxisomes

A

digestive vesicles

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15
Q

Mitochondrion

A

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

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16
Q

chloropast

A

performs photosynthesis,

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17
Q

chlorophyll

A

enables photosynthesis

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

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19
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

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20
Q

plasma membrane

A

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

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21
Q

passive transport

A

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

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22
Q

concentration gradient

A

A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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24
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane to balance molecular concentrations

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25
isotonic solution
a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
26
hypertonic solution
higher solute concentration outside the cell
27
Hypotionic solution
if a cell is in a solution that has a lower concentration of solute
28
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient
29
sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
30
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
31
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
32
Phagocytosis
Cell eating
33
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
34
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
only take in specific molecules
35
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
36
2nd law of thermodynamics
Things become more disordered
37
kinetic energy
energy of motion heat
38
potential energy
-stored energy -chemical energy
39
chemical energy
A form of potential energy that is stored in food gasoline and other fuels
40
breaking bonds
releases energy exergonic
41
Oxidation
loss of electrons
42
Catabolic
reactions: breaking down molecules
43
making bonds
needs and stores energy endergonic
44
Reduction
gain of electrons
45
anabolic reactions
building up molecules
46
activation energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started
47
enzymes
lower activation energy and speed up reactions
48
active site
region where substrate binds to the enzyme
49
Denature
A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).
50
Co-factors
help the enzyme function properly
51
competitive inhibition
directly blocks active site
52
non-competitive inhibitor
Repressor binds to a different site (allosteric) and closes active site.
53
activation
Promoter binds to a different site (allosteric) and opens active site.
54
allosteric control
Binding to a different site changing the enzyme shape, Change blocks or opens active site
55
binary fission
The cell splits in two to form daughter cells
56
Replication
copying DNA
57
A cell does three main kinds of work
Mechanical Transport Chemical
58
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
59
eukaryotic cellular reproduction
mitosis
60
Interphase
the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.
61
cell division
mitosis and cytokinesis
62
4 phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
63
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
64
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms 4 haploid cells
65
crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
66
checkpoint genes
regulate cell growth, have mutated leading to abnormal growth.
67
Neoplasms
abnormal masses of cells growing uncontrolled
68
moles
slow growing and contained to its location: benign (safe
69
Cancer
quickly growing and not contained (can spread throughout the body): malignant.
70
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

Biol 101 (1 decks)

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