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Biol 101 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory

A

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

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2
Q

all cells have

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

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3
Q

All prokaryotic cells have

A

cell membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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4
Q

Some prokaryotic cells have

A

a cell wall, pili (singular: pilus), flagella (singular: flagellum) and a capsule

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5
Q

All eukaryotic cells have

A

Plasma membrane
* Nucleus
* Endoplasmic reticulum
* Golgi body
* Vesicles
* Mitochondria
* Ribosomes
* Cytoskeleton

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6
Q

Some eukaryotic cells have

A

chloroplast and vacuole

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7
Q

cell membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells

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8
Q

selective permeable

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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9
Q

Nucleus components

A

nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nucleoplasm ,chromatin

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10
Q

Rough ER

A

makes proteins w/ ribosomes and transport vesicles

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11
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomes, makes lipids for membrane, makes and stores carbohydrates, makes transport vesicles

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12
Q

Glogi Apparatus

A

Processes, sorts and packages proteins and lipids

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13
Q

Vesicles

A

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

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14
Q

lysomes and peroxisomes

A

digestive vesicles

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15
Q

Mitochondrion

A

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

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16
Q

chloropast

A

performs photosynthesis,

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17
Q

chlorophyll

A

enables photosynthesis

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

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19
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

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20
Q

plasma membrane

A

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

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21
Q

passive transport

A

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

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22
Q

concentration gradient

A

A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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24
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane to balance molecular concentrations

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25
Q

isotonic solution

A

a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

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26
Q

hypertonic solution

A

higher solute concentration outside the cell

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27
Q

Hypotionic solution

A

if a cell is in a solution that has a lower concentration of solute

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28
Q

active transport

A

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient

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29
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

30
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

31
Q

Endocytosis

A

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

33
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

34
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

only take in specific molecules

35
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

36
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Things become more disordered

37
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion heat

38
Q

potential energy

A

-stored energy
-chemical energy

39
Q

chemical energy

A

A form of potential energy that is stored in food gasoline and other fuels

40
Q

breaking bonds

A

releases energy exergonic

41
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons

42
Q

Catabolic

A

reactions: breaking down molecules

43
Q

making bonds

A

needs and stores energy endergonic

44
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons

45
Q

anabolic reactions

A

building up molecules

46
Q

activation energy

A

Energy needed to get a reaction started

47
Q

enzymes

A

lower activation energy and speed up reactions

48
Q

active site

A

region where substrate binds to the enzyme

49
Q

Denature

A

A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).

50
Q

Co-factors

A

help the enzyme function properly

51
Q

competitive inhibition

A

directly blocks active site

52
Q

non-competitive inhibitor

A

Repressor binds to a different site (allosteric) and closes active site.

53
Q

activation

A

Promoter binds to a different site (allosteric) and opens active site.

54
Q

allosteric control

A

Binding to a different site changing the enzyme shape, Change blocks or opens active site

55
Q

binary fission

A

The cell splits in two to form daughter cells

56
Q

Replication

A

copying DNA

57
Q

A cell does three main kinds of work

A

Mechanical Transport Chemical

58
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

59
Q

eukaryotic cellular reproduction

A

mitosis

60
Q

Interphase

A

the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.

61
Q

cell division

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

62
Q

4 phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

63
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

64
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms 4 haploid cells

65
Q

crossing over

A

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

66
Q

checkpoint genes

A

regulate cell growth, have mutated leading to abnormal growth.

67
Q

Neoplasms

A

abnormal masses of cells growing uncontrolled

68
Q

moles

A

slow growing and contained to its location: benign (safe

69
Q

Cancer

A

quickly growing and not contained (can spread throughout the body): malignant.

70
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

Biol 101 (1 decks)

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