exam 2 Flashcards
cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
all cells have
cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes
All prokaryotic cells have
cell membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Some prokaryotic cells have
a cell wall, pili (singular: pilus), flagella (singular: flagellum) and a capsule
All eukaryotic cells have
Plasma membrane
* Nucleus
* Endoplasmic reticulum
* Golgi body
* Vesicles
* Mitochondria
* Ribosomes
* Cytoskeleton
Some eukaryotic cells have
chloroplast and vacuole
cell membrane
a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells
selective permeable
controls what goes in and out of the cell
Nucleus components
nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nucleoplasm ,chromatin
Rough ER
makes proteins w/ ribosomes and transport vesicles
Smooth ER
no ribosomes, makes lipids for membrane, makes and stores carbohydrates, makes transport vesicles
Glogi Apparatus
Processes, sorts and packages proteins and lipids
Vesicles
small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell
lysomes and peroxisomes
digestive vesicles
Mitochondrion
cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
chloropast
performs photosynthesis,
chlorophyll
enables photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Endosymbiosis
A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
passive transport
Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
concentration gradient
A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane to balance molecular concentrations
isotonic solution
a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
hypertonic solution
higher solute concentration outside the cell
Hypotionic solution
if a cell is in a solution that has a lower concentration of solute
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient
sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Phagocytosis
Cell eating
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
only take in specific molecules
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd law of thermodynamics
Things become more disordered
kinetic energy
energy of motion heat
potential energy
-stored energy
-chemical energy
chemical energy
A form of potential energy that is stored in food gasoline and other fuels
breaking bonds
releases energy exergonic
Oxidation
loss of electrons
Catabolic
reactions: breaking down molecules
making bonds
needs and stores energy endergonic
Reduction
gain of electrons
anabolic reactions
building up molecules
activation energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started
enzymes
lower activation energy and speed up reactions
active site
region where substrate binds to the enzyme
Denature
A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).
Co-factors
help the enzyme function properly
competitive inhibition
directly blocks active site
non-competitive inhibitor
Repressor binds to a different site (allosteric) and closes active site.
activation
Promoter binds to a different site (allosteric) and opens active site.
allosteric control
Binding to a different site changing the enzyme shape, Change blocks or opens active site
binary fission
The cell splits in two to form daughter cells
Replication
copying DNA
A cell does three main kinds of work
Mechanical Transport Chemical
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
eukaryotic cellular reproduction
mitosis
Interphase
the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.
cell division
mitosis and cytokinesis
4 phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms 4 haploid cells
crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
checkpoint genes
regulate cell growth, have mutated leading to abnormal growth.
Neoplasms
abnormal masses of cells growing uncontrolled
moles
slow growing and contained to its location: benign (safe
Cancer
quickly growing and not contained (can spread throughout the body): malignant.
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
