Exam 2 Flashcards
Socialization
the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society.
Self
one’s conscious experience of a personal identity.
id
basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy. Its goal is to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. Selfish unrealistic part of the mind.
ego
realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and superego
superego
represents the internalized ideals of society
Looking-glass self
the notion that the self develops through our perception of others’ evaluations and appraisals of us.
Preparatory stage
Children mimic or imitate others
Play stage
children pretend to play the role of the particular or significant other
Particular significant other
the perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a chidlren learns and internalizes
game stage
children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other
generalized other
perspectives and expectations of a network of others that children learn and then take into account when shaping their own behavior.
Dual nature of the self
the idea that we experience the self as both the subject and object “i” and “me”
Thomas Theorem
if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
Definition of the situation
an agreement with others about “what is going on” in a given circumstance; this consensus allows us to coordinate our actions with others and realize goals
expressions of behavior
small actions such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an interactional tool to help project our definition of the situation to others
expressions given
expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterance
expressions given off
observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal
impressions management
the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us
front
the setting or scne of performance that helps establish the definition of the situation
Front
the setting or scne of performance that helps establish the definition of the situation
Region
the context in which the performance takes place
Personal front
tactics we use to present ourselves to others, including appearance, costume, and manner
Backstage
the places where we rehearse and prepare for our performances
frontstage
the places where we deliver our performances to others
resocialization
replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones
Total institutions
institutions where ppl are cut off from the rest of the society so thay they can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones
status
a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations
ascribed status
a status that is inborn
embodied status
a status embodied by physical characteristics
achieved status
a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others
master status
a status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses we posses
role taking emotions
emotions such as sympathy, embarrassment , or shame that require that we assume the perspective of another person or group and respond accordingly
feeling rules
norms regarding the expression and display of emotions; expectations about the acceptable or desirable feelings in a given situation
emotional labor
the process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion
copresence
face-to-face interaction or being in the presence of others
saturated self
a postmodern idea that the self is now developed by multitude influences chosen from a wide range of media sources
Ervin Goffman
Dramaturgy
Charles Cooley
The Looking-Glass Self
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory
George Herbert Mead
Mind, Self, and Society
Coercive Power
Power that is backed by the threat of force
Authority
a legitimate right to weild power
Rationalization
the application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns
Expressive leadership
leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group
Deviance
the violation of norms, rules, expectations. Any transgression of socially established norms
Stigma
blemishes that discredit a person’s claim to a normal identity
Group
a collection of two or more people who share some attributes and identify with each other, and interact
Crowd
a temporary gathering of people in a public spce
Aggregates
collections of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations
Category
people who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging
social identity theory
a theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging
instrumental leadership
leadership that is task or goal oriented
Mcdonalization
George Ritzer - the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the annompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization
social control
mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion
Social Control Theory
Travis Hirschi - strong social bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance
differential association theory
Edwin Sutherland - we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers
labeling theory
Howard Becker - idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels that modify the individual’s self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person.
structural strain thoery
Robert Merton - An individual’s position in society determines whether they have the means to achieve their goals or must turn to deviance
primary deviance
in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant
secondary deviance
the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant
tertiary deviance
redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon
Self-fulfilling prophecy
an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true.
stereotype threat
a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in which the fear of performing poorly - and confirming stereotypes about their social groups - causes students to perform poorly
stereotype promise
a kind of self fulfilling prophecy in which stereotypes sucj as the model minority label applied to Asian Americans, lead to positive perfomranmce outcomes.
Stigma
Erving Goffman - physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group’s identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction.
Passing
presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong
in-group orientation
among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity
outsiders
Howard Becker - those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from normal society
deviance avowal
process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates their own labeling process
