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Genetics Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

TDF

A

Testis Determining Factor

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2
Q

XX SRY+

A

-Male External Characteristics
-Shorter than average
-Small testes
-Infertile = Lack AZF gene (sperm production gene)
-Usually male gender identity
-May need additional testosterone at puberty

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3
Q

Swyer Syndrome

A
  • XY SRY-
    -Female external sex characteristics
    -Usually female gender identity
    Uterus and fallopian tubes develop normally
    -Hormone supplementation required for proper breast development and uterine growth
    -Gonads are undeveloped clumps of tissue
    -can only become pregnant via a donated egg or embryo
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4
Q

What transcription factor is believed to behave as the master switch for controlling the genes involved in sexual differentiation?

A

TDF

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5
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

A

-XY AR-
- Mutant AR gene
-the androgen receptors don’t work properly and the cells are less responsive to testosterone

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6
Q

What does Complete AIS result in?

A

-Female external characteristics
-Usually female identity
-No uterus = infertile
-Undescended testes located in the pelvis or abdomen

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7
Q

What is the notation used when a female is the heterogametic sex?

A

Male = ZW
Female = ZZ

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8
Q

What is the process of G-banding?

A

-Colchine arrests cells in metaphase
-Then treaed with trypsin
-Lastly, Giemsa stained

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9
Q

Karyotype

A

Ordered array of the chromosomal complement of a cell

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10
Q

How are chromosomes arranged in a karyotype?

A

-Distinguished by size
-Centromere position
-Banding pattern
Arranged largest to smallest

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11
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Individual chromosomes are either missing, or present extra copies

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12
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

-XXY
-Tall with long arms and legs with large feet and hands
-Testes are rudimentary and fail to produce sperm
-Slight breast enlargement and hips often rounded
-Intelligence below normal range

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13
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

-X
-Female external genitalia and internal ducts
-Ovaries are rudimentary
-Normal intelligence
-Short stature
-Flat underdeveloped breasts
-Broad, shieldlike chest

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14
Q

Triplo-XXX

A

-47,XXX
-Three X chromosomes along with a normal set of autosomes
-Female phenotype
-1/1000 live births
-Mild symptoms: taller than average and sometimes a slight learning delay

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15
Q

XYY Condition

A

-Males over 6 feet tall
-Subnormal Intelligence
-Some evidence of predisposition to violence

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16
Q

Lyon Hypothesis

A

-Mary A. Lyon, 1925-2014
-Inactivation and creation of Barr body is random and all descendant cells have same inactivation

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17
Q

What hypothesis best explains the fur color in calico and tortoiseshell cats?

A

Lyon Hypothesis

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the inactivation of an X chromosome?

A

-X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) gene
-Located in end of X chromosome p arm in humans
-Critical to X inactivation
-only expressed on inactivated X chromosome

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19
Q

Euploidy

A

-Describes a cell that has an exact multiple of the haploid number (n) of chromosomes

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20
Q

Monosomy

A

2n-1
-loss of one member of a homologous pair

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21
Q

Disomy

A

2n

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22
Q

Trisomy

A

2n+1
-Gain of one chromosome, resulting in three homologous chromosomes

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23
Q

tetrasomy

A

2n+2
-Gain of two homologous chromosomes, resulting in four homologous chromosomes

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24
Q

Diploidy

A

2n

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25
Q

Triploidy

A

3n

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26
Q

tetraploidy

A

4n

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27
Q

Trisomy 21

A

-Down Syndrome
-Low muscle tone
-Small stature
-Upward slant to the eyes
-A single deep crease across the center of the palm
-Intellectual disability

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28
Q

Polyploidy

A

Addition of entire chromosome sets

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29
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Polyploidy in which extra chromosome sets are derived from two or more species

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30
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

Polyploid in which extra chromosome sets are derived from the same species

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31
Q

Nullisomy

A

Loss of both members of a homologous pair

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32
Q

Chromosome Rearrangement

A

Change in chromosome structure

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33
Q

Chromosome Duplication

A

Duplication of chromosome segment

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34
Q

Chromosome Deletion

A

Deletion of a chromosome segment

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35
Q

Chromosome Deletion

A

Deletion of a chromosome segment

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36
Q

Inversion

A

Chromosome segment inverted 180 degrees

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37
Q

Paracentric Inversion

A

Inversion that does not include the centromere in the inverted region

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38
Q

Pericentric inversion

A

Inversion that includes the centromere as part of the inverted region

39
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of a chromosome segment to a nonhomologous chromosome or to another region of the same chromosome

40
Q

Nonreciprocal Translocation

A

Movement of a chromosome segment to a nonhomologous chromosome or to another region of the same chromosome without reciprocal exchange

41
Q

Reciprocal Translocation

A

Exchange between segments of nonhomologous chromosomes or between regions of the same chromosome

42
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Change in the number of individual chromosomes

43
Q

Amphidiploid

A

A hybrid between two species that has a complete diploid chromosome set from each parent species
-It’s fertile

44
Q

What must occur in order for an amphidiploid organism to be born?

A

Nondisjunction at an early mitotic cell division

45
Q

Wheat X Rye =

A

Titicale
-Wheat = high protein, high yield grain
-Rye = versatility of growth in unfavorable conditions

46
Q

Radish X Cabbage =

A

Rabbage

47
Q

Plum X Apricot =

A

Pluot

48
Q

Less than 55 repeats of CGG =

A

Person is typical

49
Q

55 to 230 repeats of CGG =

A

Person is “carrier”

50
Q

More than 230 repeats of CGG =

A

person has fragile x

51
Q

What cause fragile X?

A

When a person has more than 230 repeats of CGG, the gene becomes methylated and when that happen no mRNA can be produced. (gene inactivation)

52
Q

Duplication of chromosome 4’s short arm =

A

-Small head
-Short neck
-Low hairline
-Reduced growth
-Intellectual disability

53
Q

Duplication of chromosome 4’s long arm =

A

-Small head
-Sloping forehead
-Hand abnormalities

54
Q

Duplication of chromosome 7’s long arm =

A

-Delayed development
-Asymmetry of the head
-Fuzzy scalp
-Small nose
-Low-set ears

55
Q

Duplication of chromosome 9’s short arm =

A

-Characteristic face
-Variable intellectual disability
-High and broad forehead
-Hand abnormalities

56
Q

Deletion of chromosome 5’s short arm =

A

Cri-du-chat Syndrome
-Small head
-Distinctive cry
-Widely spaced eyes
-Round face
-Intellectual disability

57
Q

Deletion of chromosome 4’s short arm =

A

Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
-Small head with high forehead
-Wide nose
-Cleft lip and palate
-Sever intellectual disability

58
Q

Deletion of chromosome 4’s long arm =

A

-Small head
-Mid to moderate intellectual disability
-Cleft lip and palate,
-Hand and foot abnormalities

59
Q

Deletion of chromosome 7’s long arm =

A

Williams-Beuren Syndrome
-Facial features
-Heart defects
-Mental impairment

60
Q

Deletion of chromosome 15’s long arm =

A

Prader-Willi Syndrome
-Feeding difficulty at early age but becoming obese after 1 year of age
-Mild to moderate intellectual disability

61
Q

Deletion of chromosome 18’s short arm =

A

-Round face
-Large low-set ears
-Mid to moderate intellectual disability

62
Q

Deletion of chromosome 18’s long arm =

A
  • Distinctive mouth shape
    -Small hands
    -Small head
    -Intellectual disability
63
Q

What are some common polyploid plants?

A

-Seedless watermelon (3n)
-Banana (3n)
-Blackberries (4n)
-Peanuts (4n)
-Sweet potato (5n)
-Wheat (5n)
Strawberry (8n)

64
Q

Is polyploidy more common in plant or in animals?

A

Plants

65
Q

What is unique about Ambystoma salamanders?

A

They “steal” sperm from co-occurring species, resulting in numerous polyploid genome combinations

66
Q

What are the four major characteristics required for a molecule to be considered genetic material?

A

VERS
-Variation (by mutation)
-Expression (of information)
-Replication (to pass on to the next generation)
-Storage (of information)

67
Q

What is genetic material?

A

It is the source o variation among organisms through process of mutation.

68
Q

Mutation in DNA

A

Is reflected in transcription and translation affecting a specific protein.

69
Q

Genetic Variation

A

provides raw material for process of evolution

70
Q

What observations favored protein as the genetic material?

A

-1910 - Pheobus Levine’s tetranucleotide hypothesis
-Proteins are diverse and abundant

71
Q

What experiment was performed by Griffith?

A

He looked at a virulent strain of heat treated Streptococcus pneumoniae mixed with a non virulent strain that wasn’t heat treated and it killed the mouse.

72
Q

What experiment was performed by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty?

A

Treated heat killed IIIs (The virulent strain) and treated it with RNase, Protease, and DNase.

73
Q

What experiment was done by Hershey and Chase?

A

Tagged protein of a bacteriophage with 35S and tagged other bacteriophage’s DNA with 32P. These bacteriophage were used to infect bacteria and then look at the progeny phage to see if they had the radioactive isotope.

74
Q

How does DNA relate to classical genetics/ Mendelian genetics?

A

It is indirect evidence

75
Q

Did the renown Linus Pauling know the correct molecule (aka not protein secondary structure)?

A

No

76
Q

Who came up with the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick utilizing data from Wilkins, Franklin, Chargaff, and others.

77
Q

What is Franklin famous for?

A

X-ray diffraction of DNA molecules that contributed to the Watson and Crick discovering the structure of DNA.

78
Q

How does ribose differ from deoxyribose?

A

Ribose has an extra O atom the deoxyribose doesn’t have on the 2’ carbon.

79
Q

Who discovered the base composition of DNA?

A

E. Chargaff

80
Q

What was Chargaff’s experiment?

A

1- Extract Chromosomal Material
2- Remove the Protein
3- Hydrolyze the DNA to release the bases from the DNA strands
4-Separate the bases by chromatography
5- Extracted Bands from paper into solution and measure by Spectrophotometer (absorption)
6- Compare the base content in the DNA from different organisms

81
Q

Nomenclature for just a nitrogenous base?

A

-Adenine
-Guanine
-Cytosine
-Thymine
-Uracil

82
Q

Nomenclature for a nucleoside or nucleotide N base?

A

-Adenosine
-Guanosine
-Cytidine
-Thymidine
-Uridine

83
Q

What is the structural difference between pyrimidines and purine?

A

Purines have a 6 member ring and a five member ring while pyridines only have a 6 member ring.

84
Q

What is the equation for recombinant frequency (RF)?

A

Number of recombinant offspring/ Total number of offspring X 100 to get %

85
Q

How do you determine genetic Distance?

A

the reombination frequency % = the # of map units or centiMorgans.

86
Q

What is the maximal map unit distance between genes?

A

50 map units

87
Q

What are the four steps in 3 point mapping?

A

1 - Arrangement of alleles (of trihybrid parent)
2 - Order of alleles-which gene is in the middle?
3 - Map distance between the genes
4 - interference

88
Q

What is complete interference?

A

No double-crossovers occur

89
Q

What is positive interference?

A

if fewer double-crossover evens than expected occur

90
Q

What is negative interference?

A

If more double-crossover event than expected occur

91
Q

What is no interference?

A

When DCO = DCE

92
Q

What is interference (I)?

A

It reduces expected number of multiple crossovers when crossover event in one region of chromosome inhibits second event nearby.

93
Q

What us the Coefficient of coincidence (C) and what is the equation?

A

-Quantifies disparities resulting from interference

C = Observed DCO - Expected DCO

Genetics Exam 2 (7 decks)

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