Exam 2 Flashcards
Sexual idendtity
Gender whom one is sexually attracted to
Heterosexual
Straight; attracted to the opposite sex
Homosexual
Gay/lesbian; attracted to same sex
Homophobic
Viewing of homosexuals with fear, dread, aversion, or hatred- and microaggressions- which are everyday slights, invalidations, insults, and indignities experienced by marginalized groups (e.g. women, people of color, the disabled), often coming from well-intentioned family members, teachers, co-workers, health professionals, and others
Heterosexist
The taken-for-granted system of beliefs, values, and customs that places superior value on heterosexual behavior and denies or stigmatizes non-heterosexual relations
Bisexual
An individual who is sexually attracted to both males and females
Pansexual
Fluidity and diversity of one’ sexual identity; emotional > just physical
Asexual
Don’t experience sexual attraction to tohers; may desire intimate relationship
Gay
A person whose sexual attraction is to people of the same sex; used especially for males, but ay include both sexes
Lesbian
A woman who is sexually attracted to other women
LGBTQ+
Lesbian, gay, bisexual (sexual identity), transgender (gender identity), queer/questioning and other identities
Abstinence (Celibacy)
Decision not to have sexual relations, at least for a time
Patriarchal sexuality
Characterized by beliefs, values, and behaviors that protect the male line of descent
Expressive sexuality
Sees sexuality as basic to humanness of both women and men and is less one-sided
Sexual scripts
Culturally available messages that define what ‘counts’ as sex, how to recognize sexual situations, and what to do in a sexual encounter
Friends with Benefits
Sexual activity between friends or acquaintances with no expectation of romance or emotional attachment, typically practiced by unattached people who want to have a sexual outlet without “complications”
Serial monogamy
For of sexual exclusivity in which someone has only one sexual partner at a time
Hooking up
A sexual encounter between men and women with the understanding that there is no obligation to see each other again or to endow the sexual activity with emotional meaning
Arranged marriage
Unions in which parents choose their children’s marriage partners
Assortive mating
Social psychological filtering process in which individuals gradually narrow down their pool of eligible individuals for long-term committed relationships, removing those who would not make the best spouse or partner
Intimacy
- Close, connected, and bonded feelings in a loving relationship
- Includes feelings that create the experience of warmth in a loving relationship
Commitment
- The decision/commitment component of love
Consumate Love
- A complete love in which the components of passion, intimacy, and commitment come together
Dating scripts
- Highly gendered expectations that govern behavior in the getting-to-know-you stage of dating relationships, with men and women having far different expectations about what happens during and after a date
Endogamy
Marrying within one’s own social group
Exogamy
- Marrying outside one’s group
Heterogamy
- Choosing someone dissimilar in race, age, education, religion, or social class
Homogamy
- Marriage between partners of similar race, age, education, religious background, and social class
Martyring
- Involves maintaining relationships by consistently minimizing one’s own needs while trying to satisfy those of one’s partner
Manipulating
- Working to control the feelings, attitudes, and behavior of your partner(s) in underhanded ways rather than by directly stating your case
Pool of eligible
- A group of individuals who, by virtue of background or social status, are most likely to be considered eligible to make culturally compatible marriage partner
Wheel of Love
- An idea developed by Ira Reiss in which love is seen as developing through a 4-stage, circular process: rapport, self-revelation, mutual dependency, personality need fulfillment
3 Components of consumate love
Passion- quickest to develop and to fade
Peaks early and remains stable
Intimacy- slowly
Increasingly important as time goes on
Commitment- gradually still
Associated with reproductive success
* Essential
Rapport
Mutual trust and respect
Similarity of values, interests, and background
Can also be established with differences
Self-revelation (self-disclosure)
§ Involves gradually sharing intimate information about oneself
§ Opening up may relieve anxiety that is in the early stages
§ People have internalized different views about how much is proper
§ Class, ethnic, or gender-appropriate behaviors influence
Mutual dependency
§ Interdependence from two people desiring to spend more time together
§ Begin to depend on or need each other
Personality need fulfillment
§ Two people find that they satisfy a majority of each other’s emotional needs
§ Rapport increases, leading to deeper self-revelation, more mutually dependent habits, and still greater need satisfaction
§ Ongoing exchange and mutual support
§ Theorists more often argue that we are attracted to others whose strengths are harmonious with our own
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
- Robert Sternberg’s theory that consummate love involves 3 components: intimacy, passion, and commitment
Intimacy from Triangualr theory of love
- Intimacy: close, connected, and bonded feelings in a loving relationship
§ Includes feelings that create the experience of warmth in a loving relationship
§ Conveying and understanding each other’s needs, listening to and supporting each other, and sharing common values, becomes increasingly important as time goes on
Passion from Triangualr theory of love
the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation, and the like in a loving relationship
Commitment from Triangualr theory of love
the decision/commitment component of love
Boomerangers
- Adults who leave home and then return to live with their parents
* Found to have more depressive symptoms
Result of employment problems
Civil Union
- Legislation that allows any two single adults- including same-sex partners or blood relatives, such as siblings or a parent and adult child- to have access to virtually all marriage rights and benefits on the state level, but none on the federal level
* Designed to give same-sex couples many of the legal benefits of marriage while denying them the right to legally marry
Cohabitation
- Living together in an intimate, sexual relationship without traditional, legal marriage
Commune
- Group of adults and perhaps children who live together, sharing aspects of their lives
○ Some are group marriages, in which members share sex
○ Others are communal families, with several monogamous couples, who share everything except sexual relations and their children
Consensual marriage
- Heterosexual, conjugal unions that have not gone through a legal marriage ceremony
Domestic partnership
- Arrangement in which an unmarried couple registers their partnership with a civil authority and then enjoys some (although not necessarily all) rights, benefits, and entitlements traditionally reserved for marrieds
Emerging adulthood
- Fairly new life cycle stage typically defined as young adults age 18-29 who spend more time in higher education or exploring options regarding work, career, and family making than in the past
* Accounts for many unmarrieds today as young people are pushing marriage further out in the future
* Spend time exploring endless array of choices with respect to love, education, work, and even where to live
Intermittent Cohabitation
- Relationships in which parenting couples move in together, then out, then back in
Living Apart Together (LAT)
- Emerging lifestyle choice in which a couple is committed to a long-term relationship but each partner maintains a separate dwelling
Selection effects
- When individuals “select” themselves into a category being investigated
Sex ratio
- The number of men to women in a given society or subgroup
* Influences marital options and singlehood; heterosexual couples in particular
* It’s the number of males for every 100 females
* Decline
Affection & Antagonism
- Study of married, heterosexual couples, classified relationships into 4 types: warm or friendly; tempestuous or stormy; bland or empty shell; hostile or distressed
Beligerence
- A behavior that is provocative and that challenges the other’s power and authority
* Later found in research
* Ex: “what are you going to do about it?”
Contempt
- Characterized by the intent to insult or abuse your partner emotionally
- Most damaging
- Ex: rolling your eyes, mocking, etc.
- A feeling that one’s spouse is inferior or undesirable
Criticism
- Attacking personality rather than the specific behavior
- Making disapproving judgements or evaluations of one’s partner
- “You” statements; attacking
Defensiveness
- Preparing to defend oneself against what one presumes is an upcoming attack
- Defending yourself from a perceived attack will escalate an argument
Stonewalling
- Resistance; refusing to take a partner’s complaints seriously (physically and emotionally)
* React to their partner’s attempts to raise tension-producing issues by refusing to entertain them
* Ex: avoiding or evading an argument
* Chronic may fear rejection or retaliation and therefore hesitate to acknowledge their own or their partner’s angry emotions
Displacement
- A person directs anger at people or things that the other cherishes
Emotional Intelligence
- Awareness of what we’re feeling so that we can express our feelings more authentically
- Ability and willingness to repair our moods, not necessarily nursing our hurt feelings
- Healthy balance between controlling rash impulses and being candid and spontaneous
- Sensitivity to the feelings and needs of others
Family cohesion or closeness
- Awareness of what we’re feeling so that we can express our feelings more authentically
- Ability and willingness to repair our moods, not necessarily nursing our hurt feelings
- Healthy balance between controlling rash impulses and being candid and spontaneous
- Sensitivity to the feelings and needs of others
Female-demand/male-withdraw interaction pattern
- A cycle of negative verbal expression by one partner, followed by the other partner’s withdrawal in the face of the other’s demands
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
- Contempt, criticism, defensiveness, and stonewalling- marital communication behaviors delineated by John Gottman that often indicate a couple’s future divorce
Mixed or double messages
- 2 simultaneous messages that contradict each other
- Contradictory messages may be verbal, or one may be verbal and one nonverbal
- Sender of mixed message may not be aware of what they are doing, and can be extremely subtle
- Sometimes from simultaneously wanting to recognize and deny conflict or tension
- Ex: silent treatment
Negative affect
- Showing emotion(s) defined as negative, such as anger, sadness, whining, disgust, tension, fear, and/or belligerence
* High intensity negative effect - belligerence, contempt, and defensiveness
* Other categorized as low intensity
Passive-aggression
When a person expresses anger at someone but does so indirectly rather than directly, i.e. chronic criticism, nagging, sarcasm, forms of sabotage
Positive affect
- Showing emotion(s) defined as positive, such as responding warmly with interest, affection, or shared humor
Rapport talk
- Speaking to gain or reinforce rapport or intimacy
* Women usually engage in this form of communication
* Engage in a lot more detail
Report talk
- Conversation aimed mainly at conveying information
* Men usually engage in this for of communication
Relationship-focused coping
- Process in relationships in which partners help or hinder one another in dealing with stresses and strain
Relationship ideologies
Relationship ideologies
- Expectations for closeness and/or distance as well as ideas about how partners should play their roles
