Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Plant Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What do plants use water for?

A

Photosynthesis, temperature regulation, and stability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Brownian motion

A

Ions and molecules are in constant random motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diffusion

A

Influenced by pressure, temperature, and density of the medium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion through a semipermeable membrane where the concentrations equilibrate. The area of the higher concentration goes to the area of the lower concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell water potential

A

Water enter cells through osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Osmotic potential

A

The potential of water molecules to move from a hypotonic solution (more water, less solutes) to a hypertonic solution (less water, more solutes) across a semi-permeable membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pressure potential

A

Water moves from cells with higher wetness to cells that are dry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water vapor from the leaves to the atmosphere. Occurs from root to leaf, water vapor exits stomata during photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Guard cells

A

Epidermal cells, two of which create a stoma (singular stomata). They regulate gas exchange between the leaf and the atmosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How guard cells open and close

A

By changing the turgor pressure. The more inflated the stomata is (more water and solutes in it) the more open they are.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Environment influence on transpiration rates

A

Transpiration increases with temperature, sunlight, high soil moisture, and wind velocity. Too high of a temperature causes a decrease in transpiration (due to the stomata closing), and high CO2 rates decrease transpiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of food substance throughout a plant via water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pressure-flow-hypothesis

A

Food is actively loaded into phloem from source. Water enters xylem and phloem via osmosis. Pressure gradient drives food down the phloem. Food is then actively removed from the sink.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CAM plants

A

Opens stomata at night versus the day. This type of plant collects CO2 at night to use the next day when the plant performs photosynthesis with its stomata closed. (EX: Cacti and orchids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do plants get from soils?

A

Nutrients, water, and stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are desert soils infertile?

A

There is no rain to weather down the soil, which means there are no nutrients in the soil. Without nutrients or water in the soil, plants have nothing to grow from.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sandy soils

A

Large pore size, obtain oxygen, and water, has good root growth, and is easy to work with. Water and nutrients drain out quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clay soils

A

Water drains slowly through this soil type, nutrients hold on better, but it has small pores and low oxygen levels, and it is harder to work with.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Loams

A

(Sand, silt, and clay combined) Best for agriculture due to different-sized pores, more space for growth, sand has a high pore size, clay holds moisture, clay and silt hold nutrients, and silt is “workable”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Organic matter

A

Compounds that have a carbon base. Usually, C, H, O, and N. Produced by the decomposition of plants and animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Living and non-living things found in soil

A

Nutrients, water, microorganisms (bacteria and fungi), seeds, worms, organic matter, rocks, silt, sand, clay, roots, plant parts, and vertebrates (moles, prairie dogs, groundhogs, etc.).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Topsoil

A

Newly decomposed living organism, lots of organic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

B-horizon

A

Broken down materials and inorganic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Parent material

A

Weather igneous and sedimentary rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Bedrock
The bottom layer of the soil
26
Soil water content
Soil structure, density of vegetation,location of ground water table
27
Wilting point
Point at which water is no longer available to plants, dependent on soil texture
28
Field capacity
Point at which soil can hold NO MORE water
29
Best pH in soil for plants
7
30
Metabolism
Any biochemical processes inside a living organism. Examples include photosynthesis, respiration, digestion, growth, movement in a living organism, and translocation.
31
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up and ultimately regulate metabolic processes
32
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate. Powers many chemical reactions, also known as "energy packets". 3 phosphate groups, a lot of pent-up energy that is stored, and after splitting it creates ADP
33
The importance of photosynthesis
Without it the food chain would collapse, living organisms would slowly die, plants wouldn’t be able to convert CO2 into sugars, and the regulation of carbon on earth would end.
34
Major ingredients of photosynthesis
CO2, H2O, light, chlorophyll, enzymes, glucose, and oxygen + water.
35
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Diffuses into plant leaves through the stomatal opening and ultimately reaches the chloroplasts. It's function is to provide C.
36
Water (H2O)
Solution for CO2 to dissolve and is the source of the electron involved.
37
Light
Provides energy for photosynthesis and absorbs in the red and blue portion of the spectrum
38
Chlorophyll
Molecules that absorb red and blue light. Not green
39
Enzymes
Catalyze the reactions, very temperature sensitive. (EX: Rubisco)
40
Glucose
Produced during respiration, lipid and starch formation and plant structure formation
41
Oxygen + Water
Byproducts of photosynthesis and may be recycled or emitted as gas through the leaves
42
Start products of light-dependent reactions
Light, H2O, NADP+, ADP, and P
43
End products of light-dependent reactions
ATP, NADPH, O2, and H+
44
Start products of light-independent reactions
CO2, RuBP, ATP, and NADPH
45
End products of light-independent reactions
ADP, NADP, 3C sugars, and RuBP
46
Oxidation
Removal of electron(s) from compound
47
Reduction
Addition of electrons
48
Light-dependent reaction steps
1) Photons of light are absorbed 2) Electrons get excited – Boosted to a higher energy level 3) Water is split 4) Electrons flow down the electron transport chain 5) ATP & NADH are produced (stored energy)
49
Light-independent reaction steps:
1) Take ATP and NADH from LDP 2) Convert CO2 into sugars 3) Restart the cycle
50
Calvin Cycle steps
It’s the process by which rubisco grabs CO2 out of the atmosphere and combine that with the 5C sugar to make glucose and make more 5C sugar (RuBP)
51
Rubisco
Oldest enzyme that hasn't yet evolved, it grabs CO2 and starts the Calvin cycle
52
C3 photosynthesis
Most common form of photosynthesis
53
C4 photosynthesis
Separate carbon and sugar creation. Most grasses in the US and south US (hot & dry areas), involve a step with PEP
54
CAM benefits
Keeps stomata closed during the day which reduces water loss and uses PEPc instead of Rubisco which causes less photorespiration
55
Why do plants respire?
TO take glucose and create usable energy
56
Substrate for respiration
Glucose
57
Byproducts of respiration
Water, carbon, and energy
58
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate, 2 phosphate groups, result of ATP splitting, and can be recycled and used to make ATP
59
Start products of glycolysis
Glucose and ATP (2)
60
End products of glycolysis
Pyruvic acid and ATP (4)
61
Investment step of glycolysis
Use ATP to create 2 phosphorylated 3C sugars
62
Reward step in glycolysis
Use 2 phosphorylated 3C sugars to create ATP (4) and pyruvic acid
63
Electron transport system end product
ATP by taking reduced "energy packets" *NADH and FADH2) and converting to ADP and ATP
64
Anaerobic efficiency
6%
65
Anaerobic
Without oxygen
66
End product of anaerobic respiration
Ethyl alcohol
67
Energy
Primary product of respiration
68
Glycolysis function
Make some ATP and substrate for making [x] H
69
Citric acid cycle function
Make [x] H
70
Electron transport system function
Make ATP
71
Water use efficiency
Carbon gained per water lost
72
WUE formula
Photosynthesis divided by transpiration
73
How can WUE be improved?
The stomata must close
74
Carbon use efficiency
Carbon gained per carbon lost
75
CUE formula
Photosynthesis divided by respiration
76
Efficiency
The ratio of stuff produced to the stuff used
77
Net primary productivity
Photosynthesis - respiration
78
Photosynthesis
Using sun to create glucose
79
Respiration
Using glucose to create ATP
80
Plant A takes up 10 moL CO2 per 5 moL H2O lost, plant B takes up 5 moL CO2 per 1 moL h20 lost. Which one has a higher WUE, and which is the better competitor?
Plant B has a higher WUE (5/1=5), and Plant A is a better competitor (10/5=2)
81
CUE temperature
Photosynthesis and respiration have different short-term temperature sensitives; thus, CUE may change with temperature.
82
CUE acclimation
Given time, plants will acclimate to climate. Photosynthesis continues to increase, and CUE after acclimation is 2:1 (photosynthesis: respiration)
83
How do plants and animals facilitate plant nutrient uptake?
Plants and animals break down organic matter and release nutrients to soil and then to plants (by chewing things up and poop it out basically, plants provide most of the nutrients by recycling them into the soil)
84
How do plants regulate WUE?
WUE involves photosynthesis and transpiration the plant can use the stomata to up the WUE by closing the stomata or open them to do more photosynthesis
85
Why does increasing atmospheric CO2 positively influence WUE?
Higher CO2 in the atmosphere has a positive effect on photosynthesis, plants tend to close their stomata when CO2 goes up which would decrease transpiration which would also increase WUE

Plant Biology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions