Exam 2

Question 1

Steve Fretwell

Answer 1

Developed habitat selection model based on ideal free distribution

Question 2

Raymond Pearl

Answer 2

First to describe three survivorship curves

Question 3

Richard Levins

Answer 3

Developed metapopulation model

Question 4

Type I survivorship

Answer 4

most mortality occurs late in life

Question 5

Type III survivorship

Answer 5

most mortality occurs in juveniles

Question 6

O horizon

Answer 6

topmost layer consisting of heterogenous plant litter and homogenous decomposed organic matter (humus)

Question 7

E horizon

Answer 7

sometimes found between A and B horizons; zone of maximum leaching

Question 8

B horizon

Answer 8

zone of deposition or accumulation; red from clay and Ca, Al, and Fe oxides; subsoil

Question 9

loam

Answer 9

soil made up of similar proportions of sands, silts, and clays

Question 10

hydroscopic water

Answer 10

water tightly bound to soil particles

Question 11

J.B.S. Haldane

Answer 11

Regulating/limiting factors must explain number of individuals in a population

Question 12

A. J. Lotka

Answer 12

Described intrinsic rate of increase

Question 13

Garrett Hardin

Answer 13

Wrote ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’

Question 14

Rachel Carson

Answer 14

Wrote ‘Silent Spring’

Question 15

geographic range

Answer 15

total observed geographical area in which the species currently resides

Question 16

deme

Answer 16

subpopulation consisting of individuals in one patch that have a high potential to interbreed amongst themselves

Question 17

neighborhood size

Answer 17

number of conspecifics that an organism could meet throughout its life

Question 18

Allee effect

Answer 18

a decline in birth rates or survival at a low population size

Question 19

home range

Answer 19

an area in which an animal lives and generally spends most of its time moving through; area is generally too large to defend`

Question 20

territory

Answer 20

smaller, defended area in which an animal lives, forages, and reporduces

Question 21

stochastic model

Answer 21

model that incorporates predation, natural disasters, uneven sex ratios, etc. into intrinsic rate of increase

Question 22

Type II survivorship - mortality

Answer 22

mortality rates are constant with age

Question 23

horizontal/cohort life table

Answer 23

tracks one group of individuals born at a given time through time until last member dies

Question 24

vertical/stable life table

Answer 24

looks at age structure of all cohorts at one time

Question 25

rule of 70

Answer 25

Doubling time (in years) = 70/(percentage growth rate).

Question 26

semelparous

Answer 26

many small offspring at one time

Question 27

iteroparous

Answer 27

many small offspring repeatedly over time

Question 28

A horizon

Answer 28

topsoil with minerals and humus; aerated by burrowing animals; some leaching occurs here

Question 29

C horizon

Answer 29

many rock fragments; little biodiversity

Question 30

R horizon

Answer 30

bottommost layer; unweathered bedrock

Question 31

loess

Answer 31

soil blown by wind to other locales

Question 32

alluvial soils

Answer 32

soil brought in by rivers and streams

Question 33

glacial till

Answer 33

soil brought in by glaciers

Question 34

gravitational water

Answer 34

water temporarily held in large spaces between soil grains that eventually joins groundwater

Question 35

capillary water

Answer 35

water held loosely between grains via surface tension that can be used by plants

Question 36

eutrophication

Answer 36

increase in nutrients by runoff from eroded soils and livestock waste; causes algal growth in water

Question 37

DDT

Answer 37

chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide

Question 38

2,4,5-T

Answer 38

chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide

Question 39

parathion

Answer 39

organophosphate pesticide

Question 40

malathion

Answer 40

organophosphate pesticide

Question 41

sevin

Answer 41

carbamate pesticide

Question 42

nicotine

Answer 42

botanical pesticide