Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Nutrition Therapy 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

neoplasm

A

any new or abnormal cellular growth; specifically one that is uncontrolled and progressive; relatively autonomous growth of tissue (growth is not properly regulated by the normal biochemical and physical influences); refers to benign and malignant tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tumor

A

an abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

benign

A

growth of cells is steady, slow; usually confined; treatable, not fatal but can cause problems. Benign tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body. Also called nonmalignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

malignant

A

cells can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body (metastasis); resistant to treatment and frequently fatal. Cancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor originating in epithelial tissues, like skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. (e.g. breast, colon, melanocytes, liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor originating in connective tissue (bone, muscle, adipose, hematopoietic, lymphoid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

metastasis

A

the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cancer

A

Disorder of cell growth and regulation
- No limits for cellular replication
- Production of cells that serve no purpose
Malignant neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the 2nd leading cause of mortality?

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

carcinogen

A

Substance which causes cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

carcinogenesis

A

Multi-step process in which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the risk factors for cancer?

A

Cigarette smoke
Pesticides
Certain food additives (nitrosamines, nitrites)
Polycyclic hydrocarbons (many chemicals: some are produced due to charring protein foods)
Occupational hazards (asbestos)
Aflatoxin B1 (produced by mold that may grow in grains and nuts stored in warm, humid environments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nitrosamines + sodium nitrate are

A

added to cured meats to help inhibit the growth of Clostridium botulinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can you add to cured meats in production of the product to decrease nitrosamine formation?

A

ascorbic acid or tocopherol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens during radiation?

A

DNA is damaged beyond repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Radiation is believed to be a ________________?

A

initiator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What sources are known to be carcinogenic?

A

X-rays
UV light (skin cancer)
Radioactive materials
Atomic wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of cancer?

A

emotional stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Estrogen-progestin therapy (menopause) increases

A

breast cancer risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Estrogen therapy (ET) for menopause increases

A

endometrial cancer risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oral contraceptives _____________ the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers, but ____________ the risk of breast, cervical, and liver cancers

A

decrease, increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

chronic inflammation has been linked to

A

DNA damage

23
Q

The inflammatory response produces cytokines, which are

A

the chemicals in the immune response that encourage cell proliferation and suppress apoptosis

24
Q

T/F: Cancers involve genetics to a certain degree.

A

True

25
Q

T/F: A small percentage of cancers are considered hereditary.

A

True

26
Q

What decreases the risk of cancer?

A

antioxidants
soy (except for breast cancers in animals)
protein
phytochemicals
fruits/veggies
whole grains, fiber, vitamin D
physical activity

27
Q

What increases the risk of cancer?

A

Too much:
dietary fat/trans fat/saturated fat
calories
alcohol
red meats
obesity
certain food prep methods (blackened, cured/smoked)

28
Q

Cruciferous vegetables contain certain kinds of chemical compounds called

A

glucosinates

29
Q

What do glucosinates do?

A

break down into several biologically active compounds that may have anticancer effects

30
Q

Examples of cruciferous vegetables

A

Cabbage
Cauliflower
Broccoli
Bok choy
Brussel sprouts

31
Q

Breast Cancer: annual mammogram starting at

A

age 45

32
Q

Cervical Cancer: PAP and pelvic exam every

A

3 years after 21 y/o

33
Q

Colorectal Cancer: colonoscopy every

A

10 years starting at age 45

34
Q

Prostate Cancer: serum prostate-specific antigen for

A

men >50 y/o

35
Q

Chemoprevention examples are

A

Carotenoids
Resveratrol (in wine)
Quercetin (flavonoid)
Catechins (black and green tea)
Diallyl Disulfide (garlic)
Thymoquinone (black cumin)
Various spices

36
Q

initiation

A

mutation/damage in DNA (presumed to occur in genes regulating cell production). Thought to be irreversible

37
Q

promotion

A

alteration of genetic expression in cell (causing increased expression of a gene with critical mutation; increased cell proliferation)

38
Q

progression

A

further mutations from genetic instability (chromosomal instability) during promotion and recruitment of inflammatory immune cells to the tumor

39
Q

neoplasm growth rates are determined by

A

Characteristics of the host (age, gender, overall health, nutritional status, and immune function)
Original cell type (its natural rate of proliferation)
Blood supply
Cancer cells may grow locally or metastasize

40
Q

tumor images techniques

A

MRI
CT scan
ultrasound
PET
mammogram
bone scan

41
Q

invasive tumor imaging techniques

A

biopsy
cytologic aspiration
laparascopy

42
Q

what can be used for early cancer detection?

A

biomarkers

43
Q

tumors are classified by ________

A

stage

44
Q

what is the tumor classification system called?

A

Tumor Node Metastasis Staging System

45
Q

What questions are asked to determine the stage of a tumor?

A

Depth, surface spread, and tumor size (T)
Are lymph nodes affected & #(N)
Has the tumor metastasized (M)

46
Q

How many stages are there in determining tumor stage?

A

5: 0, I, II, III, IV

47
Q

carcinomas

A

epithelial tissue

48
Q

sarcomas

A

connective tissue

49
Q

lymphomas

A

lymphatic system

50
Q

gliomas

A

glial cells of CNS

51
Q

leukemias

A

bone marrow

52
Q

cachexia

A

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness, leads to metabolic alterations and the inability to perform daily tasks

53
Q

Are all cancers prone to cachexia?

A

no, but it is frequently present in cancer patients

54
Q

Why is decreased food intake common in cancer patients?

A

pain with eating, changes in taste/smell, bitterness or metal taste

Medical Nutrition Therapy 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions