EXAM 2

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 2

operant conditioning

Answer 2

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 3

stimulus

Answer 3

any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 4

response

Answer 4

a reaction to a stimulus

Question 5

reinforcement

Answer 5

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 6

punishment

Answer 6

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Question 7

continuous schedule

Answer 7

When reinforcers follow all instances of positive behavior.

Question 8

partial schedule of reinforcement

Answer 8

reinforcing the desired operant response only part of the time

Question 9

short term memory

Answer 9

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 10

chunking

Answer 10

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 11

long term memory

Answer 11

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 12

encoding

Answer 12

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Question 13

fluid intelligence

Answer 13

process new information using
logic

Question 14

availability heuristic

Answer 14

Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

Question 15

erik erikson

Answer 15

Children are motivated by the
immediate social environment, and not
by the accumulation of knowledge as
Piaget contended.

Question 16

authoritarian

Answer 16

Parents are coercive. They impose rules and
expect obedience

Question 17

secure attachment

Answer 17

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

Question 18

insecure attachment

Answer 18

Infants usually avoid or show anxiety in a “trusting relationship”; Are less likely to explore surroundings (might cling to mother); When mother leaves, child becomes distraught and inconsolable even when mother returns

Question 19

temperament

Answer 19

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Question 20

easy temperament

Answer 20

Child is cheerful, relaxed and feeding / sleeping predictably

Question 21

slow to warm temperament

Answer 21

Child is moderately difficult, avoidant and irritable. Eventually exhibits warmer, positive emotions

Question 22

difficult temperament

Answer 22

Child is irritable, intense and unpredictable

Question 23

Vygotsky’s Theory

Answer 23

Suggested that children learn more from the socialization with their parents and peers than they do from the physical environment

Question 24

storage

Answer 24

the retention of encoded information over time

Question 25

retrieval

Answer 25

the process of remembering information out of memory storage

Question 26

general intelligence

Answer 26

the idea that one general factor underlies intelligence

Question 27

crystallized intelligence

Answer 27

knowledge acquired
through experience

Question 28

stereotype

Answer 28

A generalized belief about a group of people

Question 29

stereotype threat

Answer 29

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Question 30

Heuristic

Answer 30

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

Question 31

anchoring

Answer 31

Tendency to rely on the first
piece of information
encountered

Question 32

Jean Piaget

Answer 32

Created a theory that expressed different phases of development for different ages of life

Question 33

permissive

Answer 33

Parents are unrestraining. They make few
demands and use little punishment. Often
unwilling to set limits

Question 34

autoritative

Answer 34

Parents are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but encourage discussions.

Question 35

attachment

Answer 35

A powerful survival impulse that keeps infants close to their caregivers.