EXAM 2 Flashcards
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
response
a reaction to a stimulus
reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
continuous schedule
When reinforcers follow all instances of positive behavior.
partial schedule of reinforcement
reinforcing the desired operant response only part of the time
short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
fluid intelligence
process new information using
logic
availability heuristic
Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind
erik erikson
Children are motivated by the
immediate social environment, and not
by the accumulation of knowledge as
Piaget contended.
authoritarian
Parents are coercive. They impose rules and
expect obedience
secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
insecure attachment
Infants usually avoid or show anxiety in a “trusting relationship”; Are less likely to explore surroundings (might cling to mother); When mother leaves, child becomes distraught and inconsolable even when mother returns
temperament
A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
easy temperament
Child is cheerful, relaxed and feeding / sleeping predictably
slow to warm temperament
Child is moderately difficult, avoidant and irritable. Eventually exhibits warmer, positive emotions
difficult temperament
Child is irritable, intense and unpredictable
Vygotsky’s Theory
Suggested that children learn more from the socialization with their parents and peers than they do from the physical environment
storage
the retention of encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of remembering information out of memory storage
general intelligence
the idea that one general factor underlies intelligence
crystallized intelligence
knowledge acquired
through experience
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
anchoring
Tendency to rely on the first
piece of information
encountered
Jean Piaget
Created a theory that expressed different phases of development for different ages of life
permissive
Parents are unrestraining. They make few
demands and use little punishment. Often
unwilling to set limits
autoritative
Parents are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but encourage discussions.
attachment
A powerful survival impulse that keeps infants close to their caregivers.
