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BIOL 203 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skin

A
  • resistance to trauma: keratin give durability
  • barrier functions: barrier from gaining/losing H2O; barrier to UV rays
  • vitamin D synthesis; skin is 1st step of process
  • sensation nerve endings: react heat, pressure, injury
  • thermoregulation: retains blood vessels for heat, sweats for overheat
  • nonverbal communication: skeletal muscles pull skin in face
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2
Q

keratinocytes

A

synthesis of keratin; cell of epidermis

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3
Q

stem cells

A

divide and rise keratin, found in stratum basal; cell of epidermis

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4
Q

melanocytes

A

synthesis melanin found in stratum basal

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5
Q

tactile cells

A

receptors for touch, dermal nerve fiber

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6
Q

dendritic cells

A

immune cells; in stratum spinosum plus granulosum

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7
Q

layers of epidermis (superficial to deep)

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basal
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8
Q

stratum corneum

A

30 layers of dead keratinzed cell; resists-abrasin, water loss

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9
Q

stratum lucidum

A

densely packed keratincytes in eledin protein-ONLY IN THICK SKIN

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10
Q

stratum granulosum

A

flat keratinocytes; dark-staining keratohyalin granules

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11
Q

stratum spinosum

A

thickest; deep cell, they push up and are flat, they cease

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12
Q

stratum basal

A

cuboidal or columnar cells; keratinocyts on basement mem.
stem cells divide and push keratinocytes to surface to replace epidermal cells

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13
Q

dermis layers (superficial to deep)

A

1.papillary layer
2. reticular layer

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14
Q

papillary layer

A

areolar tissue, rich in small blood vessels

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15
Q

reticular layer

A

thicker, dense irregular tissue; more fibers than cells

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16
Q

hypodermis (subcutaneous fat)

A

adipose tissue; energy reservor, thermal insulation, and protects by absorbing pressure to body (where shots are given)

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17
Q

melanin

A

factor of skin color; accumulates in keratinocytes (stratum basale and spinosum)

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18
Q

eumelanin

A

brownish/black skin color

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19
Q

pheomelanin

A

reddish/yellow skin color

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20
Q

skin color

A

same number of melanocytes, dark skin has more melanin

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21
Q

hair types

A
  1. downy hair- unpigmented hair on fetus; last 3 months of development
  2. vellus hair- fine pale; 2/3 hair for women, 1/3 men; all children (not hair on head)
  3. terminal hair- long, coarser, dark; eyebrow/lashes, scalp, auxillary, pubic, facial hair
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22
Q

histology of hair follicle

A
  • shaft
  • root
  • bulb
  • dermal papilla
  • hair matrix
  • bulge
  • hair receptors
  • arrector muscle
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23
Q

nail structure

A

nail includes: free edge, nail body, nail root (under the overlying skin)
- nail fold: (surrounding skin on edges)
- nail grove: (seperates nail and skin edges)
- lumule: (white crescent)
- eponychium: (cuticle)

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24
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A
  • groin, axilla, areola, beard in men
  • these ducts go to hair follicles; not onto skin
  • use exocytosis
  • have large lumen in middle of secretory cells
  • active after puberty; stress and sexual stimulation (sex phermones)
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25
Q

eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands-

A
  • entire body; especially palms, soles, forehead
  • coil in dermis/hyperdermis leading to pose on skin; function to cool body
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26
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • make sebum (oil); flasked-shaped ducts
  • some open on skin, some open into hair follicle
  • holocrine glands
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27
Q

ceruminous glands

A
  • only in external ear; sedum and dead cells makes earwax (cerumen)
  • leads to skin surface of ear canal
  • protects eardrum, kills bacteria, coats hair
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28
Q

mammary glands

A
  • milk producing gland ONLY in women during pregnancy and lactation
  • modified apocrine glands go through ducts to nipples
29
Q

basil cell carcinoma

A
  • most common, least deadly
  • small bump -> depression
  • arises from stratum basal to dermis
30
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • on scalp, ears, lips, back of hand; raised, reddened apperance
  • arises from keratinocyates of stratum spinosum
31
Q

melanoma

A
  • 5% of skin cancer, aggressive, average 6 months to live
  • arises from melanocytes
  • large, flat mole looking spot with scalloped border
32
Q

1st degree burns

A
  • only epidermis; redness, pain; sunburns
33
Q

2nd degree burns

A
  • epidermis and some dermis; red, tan or blistered
34
Q

3rd degree burns

A
  • epidermis and all dermis; muscle or bone destroyed; require skin grafts
35
Q

functions of skeletal system

A
  1. support- limbs and vertebral column support body
  2. protection- protect brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, bone marrow
  3. movement- limbs move, breathing and other movements caused by muscles
  4. electrolyte- balance-stores calcium and phosphate; release according to blood
  5. acid-base balance- bone tissue absorb/release alkaline phosphate in blood
  6. blood formation- red bone marrow produces blood cells
36
Q

functions of skeletal system

A
  1. support- limbs and vertebral column support body
  2. protection- protect brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, bone marrow
  3. movement- limbs move, breathing and other movements caused by muscles
  4. electrolyte- balance-stores calcium and phosphate; release according to blood
  5. acid-base balance- bone tissue absorb/release alkaline phosphate in blood
  6. blood formation- red bone marrow produces blood cells
37
Q

bone tissue (osseous tissue)

A

connective tissue with hard matrix and calcium phosphate and osseous and bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, fibrous conn. tissue, make bone
- bone can mean organ with everything said above, or just osseous tissue

38
Q

long bone (compact bone (cortical bone))

A

outer shell of white osseous tissue

39
Q

components of long bone

A
  • marrow cavity: contains bone marrow
  • spongy (cancellous) bone: at ends of bones, loosely organized osseous tissue
  • diaphysis: shaft
  • epiphysis: head at each bone
  • epiphysial line: between head and shaft; was epiphysial plate in children
  • articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage; top of head where bones meet
  • periosteum: tough outer fibrous layer sheath
  • endosteum: thin layer of reticular connective tissue in internal marrow cavity
40
Q

flat bones

A

curved bones, mostly carnial, sternum, scapula, ribs, and hip bones

41
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stems cells; occur in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum; multiply continually

42
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells synthesize organic matter of bone

43
Q

osteogenesis

A

mineralization; bone forming action (osteoblasts)

44
Q

osteocalcin

A

hormone that osteoblasts secrete; it stimulates insulin secretion in pancreas

45
Q

osteocytes

A

osteoblasts trapped in bone matrix that they make
- located in lacunae
- connected by canaliculi
- some resorb/ some deposit bone matrix; it maintains bone density

46
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone-dissolving cells on bone surface
- many stem cells fuse to make 1; so multiple nucleus (3-4 - 50)
- has RUFFLED BORDER: side facing bone surface; increases the surface area of osteoclasts
- they make RESORPTION BAY pit

47
Q

osteolysis

A

breaks down bone; opposite of osteogenesis (osteoclasts)

48
Q

organic bone matrix matter

A

cells, collagen, carbohydrates, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoprotein
- resists pulling

49
Q

inorganic bone matrix matter

A

hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate salt), Mg, Na, K, Fl, S, carbonate
- makes 85% of matrix
- resists pushing

50
Q

osteon

A

basic unit of compact bone, circular

51
Q

concentric lamellae

A

layers of matrix around CENTRAL (haversian) CANAL
- make up the osteon
- has multiple layers with different ‘corkscrew’ coil of collagen fibers

52
Q

central canal

A

(haversian canal) where nerve and blood vessels are

53
Q

perforating canals

A

smaller canals that transversely joined to central canal

54
Q

histology of spongy bones

A
  • spicules: rods or spines
  • trabeculae: thin plates or beams
  • spaces are filled with bone marrow
  • osteoclast resorption largely from spongy bone
55
Q

red bone marrow

A

(myeloid tissue) makes blood cells
- in nearly very bone in children
- in adults: skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hips, humerus, femur

56
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

fatty marrow
- can turn back into red marrow if needed to

57
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

adds onto preexisting bone; grows in width (osteoblasts)
intersitial growth

58
Q

endochondral ossification

A

develops from preexisting hyaline cartilage; bone elongation; takes place in epiphysial plate of children
appositional growth

59
Q

epiphysial plate

A

bone elongation

60
Q

interstitial growth

A

cartilage growth within; multiply chondrocytes
- bone elongation result of cartilage growth

61
Q

zones of metaphysis

A
62
Q

mineral deposition

A

(mineralization) calcium, phosphate, other ions taken from blood plasma and into bone tissue

63
Q

mineral resorption

A

(osteoclasts) process of dissolving bone
- release mineral to blood for other uses

64
Q

hypocalcemia

A

calcium deficiency

65
Q

hypercalcemia

A

calcium excess

66
Q

calcitriol

A

form of vitamin D; raises blood calcium
- like a hormone, called vitamin causes its found in our diet
- increase absorption by small intestine, increases resorption from skeleton, promotes reabsorption in kidney (less calcium lost in urine)

67
Q

calcitonin

A

when calcium too high; thyroid gland lowers by:
- osteoclast inhibition: reduces osteoclast activity
- osteoblast stimulation: increases number and activity of osteoblasts
important role in children

68
Q

parathroid hormone

A

by parathyroid glands, release PTH when calcium too low
- stimulate osteoclast population and increase bone resorption
- promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys; less loss in urine
- inhibits collagen synthesis of osteoblasts

69
Q

other factors of calcium homeostasis

A

estrogen (stronger)
testosterone
sex steroids
anabolic steroids

BIOL 203 (1 decks)

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