exam 2 Flashcards
What is the inductive effect
the distortion of electron density (through bond) in a molecule; fades with distance
What is the electronegativity trend on the periodic table?
increases when you go right and up
How is electronegativity affected by size?
electronegativity is counter acted by size, so the bigger the size is, the greater the surface area which dilutes the instability.
How do you determine which is the acid and which is the base
The acid must have an H ion. The base must have lone pairs.
How do you draw the arrow notation for acids and bases?
The hydrogen from the acid donates its bond to its connected element. The base donates a lone pair to the hydrogen to connect.
How do you know what size is favored in an acid base reaction?
The favored side will have negative charges on electronegative elements, and carbon might be neutral. The side with the stronger acid (more negative pka: more reactive) will NOT be favored. It will favor the other side.
What is a Lewis base?
electron pair donor
What is a Lewis acid?
electron acceptor
What state would Al and B prefer to be in, in a lewis acid/base reaction?
They would rather have a negative charge, and have a complete octet, rather than being neutral. The reaction would be favored on the side where they have a negative charge.
What is configurational(constitutional) Isomerism?
Same molecular formula but different connectivity
What is conformational isomerism?
isomerism created in 3D by rotation around C-C bonds
In sawhorse and Newman projection, which conformation is more stable
staggered conformation is more stable than eclipsed because it is lower energy and has less strain
What is torsional strain?
instability caused by bond to bond repulsion
electron cloud/electron cloud repulsion of bonds or adjacent atoms
What strain is not present in staggered position?
no torsional strain in staggered position
How much torsional strain does C-H/C-H have in eclipsing formation?
4KJ/mol each
