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Crime and Delinquency > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the father of Deterrence Theory

A

Beccaria

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2
Q

What is General Deterrence?

A

Deterrence aimed at the society

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3
Q

What is Specific Deterrence?

A

Deterrence aimed at the offender

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4
Q

What 3 elements are necessary for effective punishment?

A

Swift, Certain, and Severe

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5
Q

How is deterrence theory flawed when it comes to juveniles?

A

Juveniles are NOT rational thinkers
AND
Juveniles think they will not get caught

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6
Q

Who is the Father of Atavism?

A

Lombroso

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7
Q

What is the assumptions of Atavism?

A

Criminals are biological throwbacks of primitive men and they haven’t evolved

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8
Q

What are anomalies that Lombroso Found?

A

Skull is larger
Fat Nose
Very long arms/legs

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9
Q

Who is the father of Somatotype Theory?

A

William Sheldon

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10
Q

What are the 3 somatotypes?

A

Endomorph - Santa Claus
Mesomorph - Body Builder (Offender group)
Ectomorph - Stick man

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11
Q

Who is the father of the Psychoanalytic Theory?

A

Sigmund Freud

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12
Q

ID

A

Unconscious biological and psychological desires and instincts
○ Ex: “I want to do that now”

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13
Q

Superego

A

Conscience and moral character of the individual
○ Ex: “It’s not right to do that”

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14
Q

Ego

A

Identity of the individual and actual behavior
○ Ex: “Maybe we can compromise

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15
Q

What are social structure theories?

A

Macro level theories
● Focus on the economic and social conditions in which lower-class youth
live

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16
Q

Who is the father of the concentric circles theory?

A

Burgess

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17
Q

What are the zones in Burgess theory?

A

Zone1
■ Central business district ○ Zone2
■ Zone in Transition
● Homeless
○ Zone3
■ Workings people homes
○ Zone4
■ Residential zone
● Single family homes
○ Zone5
■ Commuters zone

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18
Q

Who is the father of Social Disorganization Theory?

A

Shaw & Mckay

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19
Q

What 4 characteristics are common in a socially disorganized neighborhood?

A

Poverty
○ Ethic Heterogeneity ■ Diversity
○ Residential mobility
○ Family disruption

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20
Q

Social Disorganization

A

A breakdown in conventional institutional controls within a community and the inability to solve problems

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21
Q

What is collective efficacy?

A

Mutual Trust
○ Willingness to intervene in the supervision of children
○ Maintain public order
○ Sense of well-being in a neighborhood
○ All (above) Helps control deviance

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22
Q

Who is the father of the goals and means Strain Theory?

A

Merton

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23
Q

What are Mertons 5 modes of adaptation?

A

Conformity (+ +)
Innovation (+ -) Criminals
Ritualism (- +)
Retreatism (- -)
Rebellion (+/- +/-)

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24
Q

Anomie

A

Overemphasis on the goals and underemphasis on the means

25
Q

Egalitarian Ideology

A

Equal message, unequal access to means

26
Q

Who is the father of general strain theory?

A

Agnew

27
Q

What are Agnew’s 3 sources of strain?

A
  1. Failure to achieve positively valued goal
    a. Not making the Varsity team
  2. Presence of noxious (Negative) Stimuli
    a. Abusive Home Life
  3. Removal of a Positive Stimuli
    a. Death of Pet (dog)
28
Q

Middle Class Measuring Rod

A

In our society we have a bar that is set for success: that bar is set to middle class standards
College education, owning a home, having a good job

29
Q

Status-Frustration

A

The strain you feel about not being able to reach that bar

30
Q

Who is the father of Delinquency and Frustration?

A

Cohen

31
Q

Reaction-information

A
  • Delinquent Boy
    React by rejecting the middle class rod
    “Because I can’t do that I am going to do the opposite”
    Going to be violent
  • Corner Boy
    Can not reach the middle class rod but is going to be content where he is at
  • College boy
    Middle-class rod is still out of reach but he doesn’t give up on getting there
32
Q

Who is the father of Differential Association Theory?

A

Sutherland

33
Q

What did Sutherland believe?

A

All behavior is learned through social interactions
(The difference is WHAT they learn not how they learn it)

34
Q

What are 4 ways an Association may vary according to Sutherland?

A
  1. Frequency
    a. # of contact with someone 2. Priority
    a. Contact happened early in life
  2. Duration
    a. Length of a contact 4. Intensity
    a. How much you value the relationship
35
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Associating stimuli with certain responses
○ Simple
○ Pavlov’s Dog

36
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning based on the consequences of their
behavior

37
Q

Modeling

A

Learn by imitating the behaviors of others

38
Q

Who is the father of Differential Reinforcement Theory?

A

Aker

39
Q

What 3 perspectives make up Akers Differential Reinforcement theory?

A

Differential Association + Operating Conditioning + Modeling

40
Q

Positive & Negative Punishments

A

Punishing the behavior because we don’t want it

41
Q

Positive & Negative Reinforcements

A

Rewarding the behavior because we want more of it

42
Q

Who is the father of Techniques of Neutralization/Drift Theory

A

Sykes and Matza

43
Q

What did Sykes and Matza Believe?

A

Delinquents hold conventional values and must neutralize those values prior to committing delinquent acts

44
Q

What are Sykes and Matza 5 Techniques of Neutralization?

A
  1. Denial of Responsibility
    a. “I didn’t do it or didn’t mean to do it”
  2. Denial of Injury
    a. “Nobody got hurt”
  3. Denial of Victim
    a. “Yeah they got hurt, but they deserved it”
  4. Condemnation of the condemners
    a. Do not respect the authority 5. Appeal to higher loyalties
    a. You know it’s wrong but you hold something or someone higher than the law (God, gang, family)
45
Q

Who is the father of Social Control Theory?

A

Hirschi

46
Q

What did Hirschi look at in Social Control Theory?

A

He asked why DON’T people commit a crime

47
Q

What are Hirschi’s 4 key elements used to strengthen social bonds?

A
  1. Attachment : Intimacy in relationship with significant other
  2. Commitment : Stake in conformity (dedication)
  3. Involvement : Time spent in socially approved
    activities (Too busy to commit a crime)
  4. Belief : Morals align with society
48
Q

Who is the father of Containment Theory?

A

Reckless

49
Q

Who is the father of Self-Control Theory?

A

Gottfredson and Hirschi

50
Q

What did Gottfredson and Hirschi believe was the primary cause of delinquency?

A

Poor Parenting

51
Q

At what age is self-control completely formed according to Gottfredson and Hirschi?

A

Age 10

52
Q

Who is the father of Life-Course Theory?

A

Sampson and Laub

53
Q

What is the importance of Transitions on Life course theory?

A

They are seen as events that often change the trajectory of criminal or
non-criminal behavior ○ Marriage
○ Employment
○ Military career ○ Children

54
Q

Who is the father of Developmental Taxonomy?

A

Moffitt

55
Q

What are the 2 types of delinquents according to Moffitt?

A

○ Adolescent-Limited
■ Make up most of population
■ Offending occurred in youth/adolescence
■ Seen as normal teenage behavior, rite of passage
■ Attempting to show maturity or adult-like behavior
○ Life-Course Persistent
■ 4 to 8% of offenders
■ Commit the vast amount of serious crime
■ Interaction between neurological and disadvantaged
environments
■ Begin offending very early in life (pre-adolescent)
● Key age is 12

56
Q

Who is the father of Labeling Theory?

A

Edwin Lemert

57
Q

Primary Deviance

A

Initial acts of delinquency, normal

58
Q

Secondary Deviance

A

Behavior to fit the delinquent label

Crime and Delinquency (1 decks)

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