Exam 2 Flashcards
iliofemoral
largest, inverted Y, superior and inferior fibers
iliofemoral limits
extension, abduction, adduction
pubofemoral
reinforcement of inferior capsule
pubofemoral limits
extension, abduction
ischiofemoral
reinforces ischium, femoral neck, winds around (posterior - anterior)
ischiofemoral most tight in
extension
ischiofemoral helps relax in
flexion
ischiofemoral
limits hyperextension and internal rotation
iliopsoas
O
I
A
N
iliac fossa, anterior lateral T12-L5
lesser trochanter of femur
hip flexion
femoral nerve L2,L3
rectus femoris
O
I
A
N
anterior inferior iliac spine
tibial tuberosity
hip flexion, knee extension
femoral nerve L2-L4
rectus femoris is the
only quad that crosses hip
tensor fascia lata has a short ____ and ________that feeds in IT band
muscle belly and long tendon
tensor fascia lata
O
I
A
N
anterior superior iliac spine
lateral tibial condyle
hip flexion, abduction, internal rotation
superior gluteal nerve L4-S1
sartorious
O
I
A
N
anterior superior iliac spine
proximal media tibia
hip flexion, abduction, external rotation, knee flexion
femoral nerve L2-L3
sartorius cross the knee
anterior to posterior
gluteus maximus is the biggest
hip extensor - feeds in IT band
gluteus maximus
O
I
A
N
posterior sacrum and ilium
posterior femur- distal to greater trochanter
hip extension, hyperextension, external rotation
inferior gluteal nerve L5-S2
Hamstrings
O
I
A
N
ischial tuberosity
semimembranous/ semitendinous: medial tibia
biceps femoris: fibular head
hip extension, knee flexion
sciatic nerve L5-S2
Gluteus Medius
O
I
A
N
lateral surface of ilium
lateral greater trochanter
hip abduction
superior gluteal nerve L4-S1
gluteus medius is the primary
abductor, largest and strongest
gluteus minimus
O
I
A
N
lateral surface of ilium
anterior greater trochanter
hip abduction, internal rotation
superior gluteal nerve L4-S1
Pectineus
O
I
A
N
superior pubic ramus
pectinial line of femur
hip adduction, hip flexion
femoral nerve L2-L3
pectineus is the most ____ adductor
superior
adductor longus brevis and magnus
O
I
A
N
pubis, ischium
medial femur, adductor tubercle
hip adduction
obturator nerve L2-L4
magnus- sciatic nerve
Gracilis is the only hip adductor is that a
2 joint muscle
(hip & knee)
gracilis
O
I
A
N
pubis
anterior proximal medial tibia
hip adduction, knee flexion
obturator nerve L2-L3
Lateral Rotators
O
I
A
N
sacrum, ischium, pubis
greater trochanter
external rotation
obturator nerve
lateral rotators are
piriforms
obturator internus and externus
gemellus superior and inferior
quadratus femoris
gluteus maximus
sartorius
medial rotators are
tensor fascia lata
adductors
abductors
open chain hip arthrokinematics
lower exteremity free
femur on acetablum
convex on concave (open chain)
closed chain hip artrokinematics
lower extremity fixed
acetablum moves on femur
concave on convex (closed chain)
hip flexion is
120
hip extension is
30
hip abduction is
45
hip adduction is
30
lateral and medial hip rotation is
45
pelvic osteokinematics is in the ____ axis
frontal
hip free is in the ____ direction
opposite
hip fixed is in the ____ direction
same
pelvic anterior / posterior tilt like flex/ext
anterior translation tilt
posterior translation tilt
pelvic lateral tilt
elevation vs depression with
hip abduction/ adduction
pelvic rotation
anterior / posterior
like hip medial/ lateral rotation
lumbopelvic rhythm increases
ROM and occurs in all directions
knee is a
synovial, uniaxial
the hip is a
ball and socket
triaxial
the fibula is
NWB
Q angle is
13-19 degrees
knee joint is
double condyloid joint
like flex / ext
wb of knee is
45% body weight
increased Q angle is the
genu valgum
patellofemoral joint
convex
concave
patella
intercondylar/ femoral groove
the bursa helps with
shock absorption, protect tendon from fraying, friction reduction
terrible triaid
MCL, ACL, medial meniscus
popliteal ligaments
oblique
arcuate
semimembranous 80%
popliteus muscle
iliotibial band is
thickening of fascia
anterolateral knee
connects patella
Pes Anserinus
gracilis
sartorius
semitendinous
ACL helps with
tibia being ripped with hyperextension injury
ACL restricts
extension, medial / lateral rotation
Lateral Collateral ligaments restricts
varus stress
medial collateral ligament
restrict valgus stress
posterior cruciate
restricts too much flex/ ext
pes anserinus bursa motion
knee flexion and adduction
hamstrings are strongest
knee flexor
coxal bone
ilium
ischium
pubis
acetabulm
acetabulum has the labrum which is
femoral head to keep in socket
pelvis
iliac crest
anterior superior iliac spine
posterior superior iliac spine
pubis
ischial tuberosity
most stable hip joint
flexion
abduction
external rotation
sacrum connects
R&L coxal bone
femur inclination is between
femoral neck and shaft
the femoral shaft ___ in inclination
adducts
iliopsoas anterior helps the joint
capsule
normal inclination
125
infant inclination
150
elderly inclination
120
coxa valga
increase in angle
coxa vara
decrease in angle
coxa valga- decreased hip stability, exposed to
dislocation
coxa vara- increased hip stability exposed to
fractures
coxa valga is more
abduction
coxa vara is more
adduction
femoral torsion
femoral shaft rotates medially, head of femur is anterior is condyles
femoral torsion of adults
15 degrees
femoral torsion of infants
40 degrees
anteversion is increase in angle with
toe in
dislocations
retro version is decrease in angle with
toe out
increased hip stability
WB structure
pelvic trabeculae
femoral trabeculae
zone of weakness (fractures)
hip joint does
flex / ex
ab /add
in/ ex rotation
biceps femoris
O
I
A
N
long head: ischial tuberosity short head: linea aspera of femur
fibular head
knee flexion, long head- hip extension
long head- sciatic S1-S2, short head- common fibular L5-S2
semimembranous
O
I
A
N
ischial tuberosity
posterior medial condyle of tibia
hip extension, knee flexion
sciatic nerve L5-S2
Semitendinous
O
I
A
N
ischial tuberosity
anterior proximal medial tibia
hip extension, knee flexion
sciatic nerve L5-S2
gastrocnemius
O
I
A
N
medial and lateral femoral condyles
posterior calcaneus
knee flexion ankle plantarflexion
tibial nerve S1,S2
Plantaris
O
I
A
N
posterior lateral femoral condyles
posterior calcaneus
knee flexion, ankle planatrflexion
tibial nerve S1-S2
Gracilis
O
I
A
N
pubis
anterior proximal medial tibia
knee flexion, hip adduction
obturator nerve L2-L3
sartorius
O
I
A
N
anterior superior iliac spine
anterior proximal medial tibia
knee flexion hip flexion abduction external rotation
femoral nerve L2,L3
quadriceps femoris is improved by
patella - force production by quads
articularis genu
quads contract knee extension
pulls up on joint capsule
prevent pinching
primary knee flexor is
quadriceps femoris
popliteus is
internal rotation of tibia
popliteus initates
knee flexion
rectus femoris
O
I
A
N
anterior inferior iliac spine
tibial tuberosity
knee extension, hip flexion
femoral nerve L2-L4
vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius
O
I
A
N
linea aspera and anterior femur
tibial tuberosity
knee extension
femoral nerve L2-L4
VMO
vastus medialis oblique
screw home mechanism- knee locking
rolling and gliding of femur on tibia
lateral- locked
medial- keeps going
tibia is externally rotated bc medial is larger
lateral movement ends at
20 degrees knee flexion
interminal extension
ligaments taut, bones are in maximum congruence, joint is locked
close pack position
knee extension - unlocking of popliteus required
knee extension
distal segment free
distal segment fixed
tibia moves anterior on femur
femur moves anterior on tibia
patella movement in knee extension
superiorly
normal ROM of extension
0 degrees
hyperextension ROM
10 degrees
hyperextension is also called
genu recurvatum
knee flexion
distal segment free
distal segment fixed
tibia moving posterior on femur
femur moving posterior on tibia
knee flexion patella moves
inferiorly
normal ROM of knee flexion
135 degrees
Knee
distal segment free moves in
same direction- tibia- femur
Knee
distal segment fixed moves in
opposite direction
femur - tibia
full flexion is in the
center of condyles
full extension is in the
superiorly and posteriorly 2cm
hip flexion
increase knee flexion
decrease knee extension
hip extension
increase knee extension
decrease knee flexion
ROM of ambulation
60 degrees
ROM of Stair Climbing
80 degrees
ROM sitting in chair
90 degrees
ROM advanced mobility activities
115 degrees
patellar gliding mechanism
sesamoid bone within quadriceps tendon
flexion- in
extension- out
flexion to extension the patella til it’s
medially
extension to flexion patella
tilts laterally
increased quad contract & patellar compression
- excessive lateral patellar tracking
genu valgum
knock knee
genu varum
bow leg
genu recurvatum
hyperextension
patella alta
patella shifts higher
patellar compression
lateral patellar shift
instability and arthrosis
patella baja
patella shifts lower
ankle is a ____ joint but _____ plane
uniaxial
triplanar
ankle and foot osteology
tibia
fibula
talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
cuneiforms- medial, middle, lateral
talonavicular joint
talus
navicular
anterior subtalar capsule
ligaments of ankle
spring
short plantar
long plantar
plantar aponeurosis
ankle joints are
tarsometatarsal
metatarsophalangeal
interphalangeal
intrinsic foot muscles dorsal
extensor digitorum brevis
extensor hallicus brevis
intrinsic foot muscles plantar
4 layers
strong dynamic
cannot palpate
plantarflexion
tib fib shaft moves
posteriorly
plantarflexion
fibula moves
inferiorly rotates medially
ROM plantarflexion is
50 degrees
Dorsiflexion is
20 degrees
ROM affected by knee position
inversion - medial foot motion
joint accommodates
ground and weight
ROM inversion is
35 degrees
Eversion- lateral motion of foot
joint accommodates
ground and weight
ROM eversion is
15 degrees
pronation movements are
dorsiflexion and eversion
in pronation ____ ligaments can become lax and to correct strengthen _________ and ______
spring
triceps surae and posterior tibialis
supination motions are
plantarflexion and inversion
supination increases lateral weight adhd stress and to correct strengthen
triceps surae and posterior tibialis
arches enable foot to change from
flexible to rigid structure during each step
arches mature around age
5
medial longitudinal arch is
longest and highest
arches of foot are
medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
transverse arch
the arches have ____ components and ______ support
bony
ligamentous
the talus is forced to rotate by
subtalar components below it
the subtalar components carry ____ joint with it
Motrice
WB pronation
calcaneal abduction
talar adduction
tibia fibula into medial rotation
WB Supination
Calcaneal adduction
talar abduction
tibia/ fibula into lateral rotation
Pes Planus is
flat foot
Wb flattens foot
Pes Cavus is
club foot
Wb on lateral foot
pes planus has excessive
pronation and eversion of foot
pes cavus has excessive
supination and inversion of foot
pes planus medial longitudinal and transverse arches are
depressed
pes cavus has decreased
shock absorbency
pes equinus
weight born on ball of foot
tight triceps surae
pes calcaneus
weight born on heel
dorsiflexion / evertor tightness
plantar fasciitis
stress to plantar aponeurosis
plantar aponeurosis
instructions muscle weakness
increased load on osseoligamnetous arches
mal alignment of foot leg and ankle
subtalar (calcaneal) eversion leads to
pronated foot
inferior calcaneus abducted
talus addycts and tilts inferiorly
leg medially rotates
subtalar (calcaneal) inversion leads to
supinated foot
inferior calcaneus adducted
talus abducts and tilts superiorly
leg laterally rotates
Open chain causes the foot to ______ during dorsiflexion
abduct
Open chain causes the foot to ______ during plantarflexion
adduct
closed chain causes the foot to ______ during plantarflexion. it laterally rotates.
abduct
closed chain causes the foot to ______ during dorsiflexion. it medially rotates.
adduct
inversion and eversion occur around _____ axis
oblique
subtalar is a ____ synovial joint with ___ degree of freedom
plane
1
inferior tibiofibular joint is a ______ joint between concave tibia and convex fibula. no joint capsule
syndesmosis
superior tibiofibular joint
has joint capsule
head of fibula and posterior lateral aspect of fibula
transverse tarsal joint is made up up ____ and ________
talus and calcaneus articulating with navicular and cuboid
inversion ____ with supination and plantar flexion
adducts
eversion _____ with pronation and dorsiflexion
abducts
plantar flexion and dorsiflexion occur at the _____ joint
talocrual
inversion and eversion occur at the _____ and _______ tarsal joints
subtalar
transverse
long plantar ligament supports the ____ _________ arch
lateral longitudinal
short and long plantar ligaments are supported by ____ _______
plantar fascia
instrinsics will provide _____ support than extrinsics
more
soleus only ________ ankle
plantarflexes
hammer toe
PIP is ____ and DIP is _____
flexed
extended
mallet toe
PIP is ______ DIP is ____
extended
flexed
claw toe has ____ PIP and DIP
flexed
turf toe is caused by forced _____ of the great toe at MTP joint
hyperextension
_______/ inversion sprains are the most common in the ankle
lateral
plantar fascitis
pain in heel , where fascia attaches to calcaneus
achilles tendon is the ______ _______tendon
gastrocnemius- soleus
triple arthritis is involves fusing of ___________,__________,________
talocalcaneal
calcaneocuboid
talonavicular
^ inversion and eversion at ankle are lost
ROM affected by knee position has to get to neutral first or a ____ insufficiency will happen of ______
passive
gastrocnemius
Plantar Flexion
talocrual open chain (convex on concave)
osteo: talus is moving _____ on tib fib
arthro: talus is moving ______ on tib fib
posterior
anterior
Dorsiflexion Talocrual Open Chain
Osteo: Talus is moving ______ and ______ on tib fib
Arthro: Talus is moving _______ and _______ on tib fib
anterior and superior
posterior and inferior
open chain in ankle is in the ______ direction
opposite
closed chain of ankle is in the _____ direction
same
talocrual closed chain
osteo: tib fib moving ____ and ______ on talus
arthro: tib fib moving ______ and _____ on talus
anterior and superiorly
inversion and eversion
subtalar talus is _____ and calcaneus is _____
concave
convex
inversion- calcaneus is moving _____ on talus
medially
eversion- calcaneus is moving _______ on talus
laterally
plantarflexion has ____ movement when vice is not there
dorsiflexion has ____ movement when vice is not there
__________ is more restricted
more
more
dorsiflexion
extensor digitorum brevis helps neutralize ________ and _________
inversion and dorsiflexion
extensor digitorum brevis is extension of _____
digits 2-5
extensor hallicus brevis is extension of ______
great toe
extensor hallicus longus primary action is ______ and assists with ______,_______
extension of toes
dorsiflexion, inversion
instrinic is in ____ while extrinsic is in _____
foot
ankle
anterior tibialis primary action is ankle __________ and assist with ankle ____
dorsiflexion
inversion
fibularis longus primary action _____ and assists with ________ and depresses 1st metatarsal
eversion
plantarflexion
fibularis brevis primary action is ______and assists with _________
everter
plantar flexion
anterior tibialis
O
I
A
N
lateral tibia and interosseous membrane
1st cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
ankle dorsiflexion and inversion
deep fibular nerve L4-S1
Extensor Hallucis Longus
O
I
A
N
fibula and interosseous membrane
distal phalanx of great toe
great toe extension , dorsiflexion and inversion
deep fibular never L4-S1
Extensor Digitorum Longus
O
I
A
N
fibula, interosseous membrane, tibia
distal phalanx of 2-5
extension of digits 2-5, dorsiflexion, inversion
deep fibular nerve L4-S1
which muscle do you push off with?
fibularis longus
Fiblauris Brevis
O
I
A
N
lateral distal fibula
5th metatarsal
eversion and plantar flexion
superficial fibular nerve L4-S1
Fibularis Longus
O
I
A
N
lateral proximal fibula and interosseous membrane
plantar surface of first cuneiform and first metatarsal
eversion and plantarflexion
superficial fibularis nerve L4-S1
flexor digitorum longus / flexor hallucis longus primary action _______
secondary action is ankle _________ and _______
flexion of toes
plantarflexion and inversion
Flexor Hallucis Longus
O
I
A
N
posterior fibula and interosseous membrane
distal phalanx of great toe
flexion of big toe, ankle plantarflexion, inversion
tibial nerve L5-S1
Flexor Digitorum Longus
O
I
A
N
posterior tibia
distal phalanx of digits 2-5
flexion of toes 2-5, ankle plantarflexion and inversion
tibial nerve L5-S1
triceps surae (gastro and soleus )
insertion ______
action _________
calcaneal tuberosity
supination ,
ankle plantarflexion and inversion
plantaris
O
I
A
N
posterior lateral femoral condyle
posterior calcaneus
ankle plantarflexion and knee flexion
tibial nerve L4-S1
posterior tibialis
O
I
A
N
interosseous membrane and proximal tibia and fibula
plantar surface of navicular cuneiforms and metatarsals
ankle plantarflexion and inversion
tibial nerve L5-S1
posterior tibialis action ______ and assists ______. Arch supports _____ aspect
inversion
plantarflexion
medial
triceps surae soleus
O
I
A
N
posterior tibia and fibula
posterior calcaneus
ankle plantarflexion
tibial nerve S1-S2
triceps surae gastrocnemius
O
I
A
N
medial head: medial femoral condyle
lateral head: lateral femoral condyle
posterior calcaneus
knee flexion ankle plantarflexion
tibial nerve S1-S2
hind foot is ________and ____
calcaneus
talus
mid foot is ________ , _____ , _________
navicular
cuboid
cuneiforms
forefoot is _________ and ________
metatarsals and phalanges
which ligament is most common injured
Anterior Talofibular Ligament
anterior talofibular ligament is ______ and _______
inversion and plantar flexion
concave metatarsals
convex head
DIP Distal interphalangeal joint
PIP Proximal interphalangeal joint
Cuneiforms- Navicular
Medial- __& __ Metatarsal
Middle- __ metatarsal
Lateral- __ &__ Metatarsals/ cuboid
1 and 2
2
3rd and 4th
metatarsals are all _____joints
synvoial
tibia is _______to talus
navicular is _______to talus
calcaneal is _______to talus
proximal
distal
inferior
calcaneus is 1st largest, talus is 2nd
came out has ______ _____ which cause bone spurs
calcaneal tuberosity
where talus sits is the __________ which is triplanar
sustectaculum tali
cuboid is _____ with navicular
talus is_______ with navicular
cuneiforms are ______ with navicular
laterally
proximal my
distally
calcaneus is ____ to cuboid
navicular is _______ to cuboid
posterior
medial
metatarsal 3,4,5 are ______ to cuneiforms
distally
interosseous membrane is ___ ______ but helps keep bones together
not synovial
talocrual is in charge of _________and _________
plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
Talocrual concave :
Talocrual convex:
capsule allows more motion _______ & ______
distal tibia and fibula
talus
anterior and posterior
Talocrual ligaments
medial-
lateral-
deltoid
anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular
Talocrual Osteokinematics
dorsiflexion is ______
plantarflexion is _____and ______
superior
inferior and posterior
Talocrual Arthrokinematics
dorsiflexion-
plantarflexion-
posterior and inferior
anterior
subtalar joint is _____ and _______
inversion and eversion
what tells your feet where they are at in space?
reciprocal facets
ligaments for subtalar are
talocalcaneal ligament
interosseous ligament
osteokinematics of subtalar
foot ——-
joint surface ______
medially
laterally
Subtalar
arthrokinematics rotates under talus
foot/ heel-
joint surface-
foot / heel laterally
joint surface medially
talonavicular joint is ______
(talus , navicular, anterior subtalar capsule)
synovial
calcaneocuboid joint is ______
(calcaneus, cuboid)
lateral
Spring ligament is the ____ and calcaneus articulates with navicular
deltoid
short plantar ____ supporter of talus
medially
long plantar articulates with calcaneus-cuboid-3-5 metatarsals
plantar aponeurosis is plantar ____
calcaneus - proximal phalanges
fascia
osteokinematics inversion and supination
foot moves
arch
medially
raises
arthrokinematics of inversion and supination
Navicular , cuboid _____ on talus, calcaneus
medially
eversion and pronation arthrokinematics
navicular, cuboid _____ on talus , calcaneus
laterally
osteokinematics of eversion and pronation
foot moves ____
arch _____
laterally
lowers
tarsometatarsal joint does which motions?
( cuneiforms- metatarsals )
flexion / extension
tilt/ rotate
metatarsophalangeal does which motions?
(phalanges)
flexion / extension
abduction/ adduction
interphalangeal does which motion?
(dip and pip)
flexion/ extension
anterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament
posterior talofibular ligament
are all ______ fibula and _______ sprains
lateral
(inversion sprains)
deltoid and spring ligament are _____
medial
spring ligament supports the ____
and runs from ______ to _______
talus
calcaneus to navicular
deltoid ligament runs from
medial malleolus, navicular, calcaneus
fibularis longus supports ______ arch
transverse
Open Chain Inversion
osteo
calcaneus tilts ______ on talus
arthro
calcaneus tilts ________ on talus
medially
laterally
Eversion Open Chain
osteo
calcaneus tilts ________ on talus
calcaneus tilts ________ on talus
laterally
medially
talocrual open chain
plantarflexion
osteo
talus is moving ______ on tib tib
arthro
talus is moving _____ on tib fib
posteriorly
anteriorly
talocrual closed chain
plantarflexion
osteo
tib fib moving _____ on talus
arthro
tib fib moving ______ on talus
posterior
posterior
talocrual open chain
dorsiflexion
osteo
talus is moving ________/_______ on tib fib
arthro
talus is moving _________/_______ on tib fib
anterior superior
posterior inferior
talocrual closed chain
osteo
tib fib is moving _______/_______ on talus
arthro
tib fib is moving _________/_______ on talus
anterior superior
anterior superior
pronation calcaneus _____ and tibia moved ______/_____
abducts
medially/ internally
supination
calcaneus ______ and tibia moves _____/_____
adducts
laterally/externally
knee flexion muscle-
knee extension muscle -
gastro
soleus
pes anserinus motion
knee flexion and adduction
popliteus does ______ rotation
internal
joint line is the _______/_______ meniscus
medial/ lateral
oblique muscle-
arcuate muscle-
semimembranous
popliteus
open chain extended knee
rotates ____ & _____
closed chain extended knee
__ movement
medially lateral
no
closed chain screw home mechanism
closed chain
extension- femur rotates _____
flexion- femur rotates _____
internally externally
open chain screw home mechanism
extension- _______ rotates on tibia
flexion- _______ rotates on tibia
external
internal
hip flexion
osteo _____
arthro ______
hip extension
osteo _______
arthro _____
superior
inferior
posterior
anterior
hip abduction
osteo ______
arthro _______
hip adduction
arthro ____
superior
lateral
lateral
hip rotation
osteo ______
arthro _______
lateral
inferior
anterior talofibular ligament too much pressure ____ on inversion
laterally
deltoid ligament too much pressure ____ on eversion
medially
