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Biology 1113 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No, they have a nucleoid. Which is similar to a nucleus, but they do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. In the nucleoid, is where chromosomes and proteins are held. The chromosomes hold the DNA, while the proteins help with the structure of the Nucleoid.

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2
Q

Do prokaryotes have organelles?

A

Yes, but they do not have membrane-bound organelles, it is very rare.

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3
Q

Are prokaryotes single celled or multicellular?

A

They are single-celled.

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4
Q

What are the intracellular structures of a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

Ribosomes, Plasmid, Cell Wall, Plasma Membrane, Chromosomes, Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What are the extracellular structures of a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

Flagella and Fimbriae

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6
Q

What is the order of the Prokaryote structures from outside to inside?

A

Flagella and Fimbria are both on the outside, then the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, ribosome, and then the chromosome.

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7
Q

Are ribosomes organelles?

A

No, they are just molecules.

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8
Q

Free Ribosomes compared to Bound to ER?

A

Free Ribosomes stay inside the cell, while Bound ER leaves the cell.

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9
Q

How are proteins imported into the nucleus?

A

Using Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) is what regulates import and export into the nucleus. It is also the nucleus zip code, which is the NLS (nuclear localization)

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10
Q

What is the NLS (Nuclear Localization Sequence)?

A

It is sort of like the “zip code” for proteins to tell them where to go. They have the NLS maker for their destination. Their destination would be the nucleus because it has an NLS tag.

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11
Q

Where does the process of Protein sorting happen?

A

C- Terminus

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12
Q

How are proteins sorted?

A

They start with ribosomes, and then the rough ER, Golgi Apparatus Cis- to Trans, then to Vesicles and their destination.

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13
Q

How are proteins secreted?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), cis- Golgi, trans- Golgi, vesicles

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14
Q

What is the lysosomal zip code?

A

Mannose 6 Phosphate

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15
Q

Actin Filaments

A

Move cells via muscle contraction using myosin. Which is a motor protein that takes ATP and turns it into energy.

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16
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

All about structure. They are associated with Kinesin, and they look like they are walking across the cell.

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17
Q

Microtubules

A

Move cells using Flagella or Cilia. All about cell division, and provide tracks for intercellular transport.

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18
Q

What organelle structures are plants only?

A

Central Vacuole, Chloroplast, Cellulose Cell Wall

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19
Q

What organelle structures are animal only?

A

Centriole and Lysosomes

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20
Q

What organelle structures are in both plants and animals?

A

Mitochondrion, Plasma Membrane, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Cytoskeleton

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21
Q

What are Eukaryotic only Organelles?

A

Nucleolus, Lysosome, Mitochondria

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22
Q

What are Prokaryote only organelles?

A

Nucleoid

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23
Q

What is true about Chloroplast?

A

They are sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. They have membrane sacs called Thylakoid that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. They contain the green pigment called chlorophyll.

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24
Q

In Eukaryotic Flagella, the fibers slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are?

A

Microtubules (this is because Microtubules deal with the Flagella)

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25
Q

Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by (blank) which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.

A

Intermediate Filaments (anchors the nucleus)

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26
Q

Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into (blank)?

A

Microtubules (Centrosomes it the home of where Microtubules are made, many in plant cells (mtoc), and only one in animals called centrosomes, which are 2 centrioles)

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27
Q

The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of (blank).

A

Microfilaments (pseudopodia in amoeba deal with movement)

28
Q

The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the (blank)?

A

Intermediate Filaments (only deal in structure, not movement)

29
Q

During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of (blank)?

A

Microfilaments (deal with myosin and muscle contractions)

30
Q

Which molecules do not normally cross the nuclear membrane?

A

DNA (all processes take place in the nucleus)

31
Q

What is the nuclear envelope continuous with?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

32
Q

Large Proteins with NLS, bind to nuclear pore and enter nucleus without energy?

A

False (large proteins need ATP)

33
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

A

Maintain cell shape, and resist tension. Anchor nucleus and other organelles. Divide animal cells into two. Move chromosomes during cell division.

34
Q

What does Kinesin hydrolyze?

A

ATP

35
Q

Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?

A

Tight Junctions

36
Q

The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together. As well as resisting abrasive forces.

A

Desmosomes

37
Q

____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.

A

Gap (communicating) junctions

38
Q

Reception of signaling molecules. Transduction of the signal. Reponses to the signal.

A

Gap Junctions

39
Q

The use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.

A

Coupling

40
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins

41
Q

Can a catalyst alone make a nonspontaneous reaction occur spontaneously?

A

A catalyst cannot make a nonspontaneous reaction occur spontaneously. It only affects the activation energy, not the overall change of Gibs free energy.

42
Q

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by ____.

A

Decreasing the activation energy. They push the substrates closer together so energy is not put into them binding together.

43
Q

How do you overcome competitive inhibitors?

A

By adding more substrate; it will outcompete the inhibitor and increase the reaction rate.

44
Q

What is the function of a chromosome in a prokaryote?

A

Has DNA and proteins that keep the structure of such. Contains genes that code for everything. Tightly coiled to fit inside the cell. Located in Nucleoid. Also contain Plasmids, that also have DNA but is separate from the cell DNA.

45
Q

What is the function of Plasmids? And why would this be useful?

A

They are extra DNA in the nucleoid that are independent of the cell. It helps the cell overcome to unusual circumstances such as poison or antibiotic resistance, and are considered auxiliary genes (advantageous traits).

This is useful because the DNA only deals with keeping the cell alive, but we also need things that would help it to survive during tough times as well.

46
Q

What is the function and structure of the Cytoplasm?

A

It is all of the contents inside of the cell. It is Cytosol “cell solvent + other components/ organelles). Basically everything inside of the cell is called the cytoplasm. It is also hypertonic relative to its surroundings and needs the cell wall to keep it together.

47
Q

What is the structure and function of Ribosomes?

A

They are the protein manufacturing centers. They translate information in RNA to protein to direct protein synthesis. It is a Ribonucleoprotein : made up of protein and RNA. Separated to 2 subunits a large and small section.

48
Q

What is the structure and function of the Cytoskeleton?

A

It is the cell skeleton. It is made up of protein filaments to keep up its shape. Essential for cell division.

49
Q

What is the structure and function of the Flagella?

A

The Flagella is made up of a bunch of proteins, and are long stringy things that stick out of the cell. It is a molecular motor. That rotate the long filament and propel itself through the water.

50
Q

What is the structure and function of the Fimbrae?

A

They are needle like things that protrude out of the cell. They attach to other cells and surfaces. In turn they stick to something such as a cell and will establish infections by sticking it.

51
Q

What is the surface to volume ratio in Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have much surface area to volume ratio compared to Prokaryotes giving it more space.

52
Q

Advantages of the Organelles being spread apart in Eukaryotes?

A

Separation: they separate incompatible reactions. Keeping things in your cell organized and put together.
Chemical Reactions: They are much more efficient as well. They substrates needed are localized and in high concentrations. The enzymes needed to catalyze are also already in or on the organelle that needs them as well. One reaction also sets off another. Product of one reaction is the reactant of another.

53
Q

What is the structure of the Nuclear Envelope?

A

Double membrane, 4 layers of phospholipids. Pore like openings to allow in materials. What surrounds the nucleus.

54
Q

What is the function and structure of the nuclear lamina?

A

Nuclear Cytoskeleton, keeps the nucleus shape and makes it stiff.

55
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomal RNA synthesis. Where ribosomal RNA processing happens and ribosomal subunits are assembled.

56
Q

What is the structure and function of the Ribosome in Eukaryotes?

A

They are macromolecular machines that use information in RNA to make proteins. They are not organelles. They are scattered throughout the cytosol.

57
Q

What is the structure and function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Attached to the nuclear envelope, is the endoplasmic reticulum. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is made up of the smooth and rough ER.

58
Q

What is the Rough Endoplasmic structure and function?

A

The Rough ER is lined with ribosomes on its surface. It is also the site of Protein synthesis, processing and storage. The ribosomes outside of the Rough ER, synthesize proteins that move them to the interior of the rough ER. It folds the proteins. After they are done they function there or are packed up and sent away.

59
Q

What is the structure and function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

It contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids. The enzymes inside might synthesize lipids, or modify lipids or other molecules that are toxic.

60
Q

What is the structure and function of the Lysosomes?

A

It is only located in animal cells. It is the recycling centers. It contains 40 different enzymes specialized in hydrolyzing different types of macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates). Lysosomes sit at a low ph because of the digestive enzymes that use hydrolysis, inside of them. With a ph of 5. This ph is maintained by proton pumps in the lysosomal membrane, importing in hydrogen ions, using active transport.

61
Q

What is the structure and function of a vacuole?

A

A vacuole is a plant only organelle. It is the storage center of such. It can also do anything the cell requires of it. It is also filled with pigment.

62
Q

What is the structure and function of peroxisomes?

A

It is the center for redox reactions. It helps breakdown many toxic byproducts of reactions. Specializes in catalyzing reactions. Also deals in breaking down alcohol in your body.

63
Q

What is the structure and function of the mitchondria?

A

It is the powerhouse of the cell. Supplies ATP to the cell. Double membrane and inner membrane makes cristae. Solution inside is called the matrix.
Contains its own DNA as well and ribosomes. produce some RNA and proteins within, just the things it needs on its own.

64
Q

What is the structure and function of the Cytoskeleton in a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

It maintains cell shape, structure stability, and movement. It also moves materials within the cell. There are three types of filaments in the cell, which are 3 different proteins. Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules.

65
Q

What were 2 organelles that were once one their own in nature?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast. They were ingulfed by the cells and have mutually beneficial relationship.

Biology 1113 (1 decks)

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