EXAM 2

Question 1

Nonverbal Communication

Answer 1

• first form of communication you learn (enculturation by observation)
• a form of communication that you use constantly in everyday life

Question 2

Kinesics

Answer 2

• body movements, postures, expressions, & gestures as forms of communication

Question 3

Proxemics

Answer 3

• space & distance as a mode of communication
• personal space varies cross-culturally, varies by context, can expand or contract
• Norms taught across & through generations –through everyday observation

Question 4

Linguistic Relativity

Answer 4

people speaking different languages perceive or interpret the world differently because of differences in their languages

Question 5

Focal Vocabulary

Answer 5

specialized sets of terms & distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (professional chef’s words for knives, Mongol terms for horse, Inuit terms for snow)

Question 6

Language & Identity

Answer 6

the language we speak–& how we speak it–is important to our sense of self & is one way we express group membership (identity)
- the way we speak ties us to a particular community, place, & set of traditions

Question 7

Sociolinguistics

Answer 7

the study of the relationships between social variations (ethnicity, status, gender) & linguistic variations (dialect, slang, tone)

Question 8

Code switching

Answer 8

when individuals switch language, dialect usage, or speech style according to the social context
EX: AAVE (African-American Vernacular English): a distinct dialect of english with its own phonological rules & syntax

Question 9

Sociolinguistic discrimination

Answer 9

using linguistics features as a evaluator of competence
- ppl make assumptions about intelligence & other characteristics based on “linguistic stereotypes”
- ppl treat others according to judgements made on the basis of linguistic patterns

Question 10

Adulting

Answer 10

• ” the practice of behaving in a way characteristics of a responsible adult, especially the accomplishment of mundane but necessary tasks”
• social maturity linked to work & career

Question 11

Performative Speech Acts

Answer 11

• a change in status is effected via an utterance
• direct & immediate relationship between the utterance & effect providing all social & linguistic conventions are met
• if conventions are not met, the transformation in status may not actually occur
• EX: - A judge saying “Guilty”
  - A minister saying “I pronounce you husband & wife

Question 12

Economic anthropology

Answer 12

• the sub-discipline concerned with how ppl make, share, & buy things & services
• basic tenet: all economic activities are shaped by social hierarchies & relationships

Question 13

Formalist Position

Answer 13

Premise: there are universal rules that explain economic behavior

Question 14

Substantivist Position

Answer 14

• economic activities are embedded in social institutions & cultural practices
• economic activity is not governed everywhere by the same logic of “rationality choice”

Question 15

Marxist Perspective

Answer 15

• division of labor creates inequality & conflict
• focus on power, domination, & unequal distribution of wealth

Question 16

Formalist

Answer 16

by competition between buyers & sellers

Question 17

Substanivist

Answer 17

by cultures & social institution

Question 18

Marxist

Answer 18

by exploitation of labor (class & power)

Question 19

Generalized Reciprocity

Answer 19

• giving something without the expectation of an immediate return
• uninhibited & generous giving such as between parents & children, spouses, close kin
• Giving = expression of personal relationship

Question 20

Markers for Social Adulthood (Hill Research)

Answer 20

• Respectable career
• Good income
• House owner
• Marriage & kids

Question 21

Baisso

Answer 21

• case study of Western Apacne storytelling demonstrates the importance of language & culture

Question 22

Sociolinguistic Discrimination

Answer 22

ppl make assumptions & treat others based on “linguistic stereotypes”
- EX: PSA of man looking for an apartment to rent

Question 23

Utility

Answer 23

measure of usefulness that consumer obtains from a good ( can be enjoyment, security, health benefit)

Question 24

Sahlins

Answer 24

• scarcity is between what you want & what you have
• compares findings from archeological & ethnographic research to examine lives of foragers
• foragers never wanted more things to begin with–have enough stuff to provide basic needs
• argued against formalist position

Question 25

Marcel Mauss

Answer 25

• wrote “The Gift”
• analyzes complicated social dynamics that surround gift giving
• obligation to give
• obligation to receive
• obligation to reciprocate

Question 26

generalized reciprocity

Answer 26

giving something without expectation of immediate return (parents giving kids presents)

Question 27

balanced reciprocity

Answer 27

• giving entails expectation that something of equal value will be returned (birthday present)

Question 28

negative reciprocity

Answer 28

• attempt to get something of greater value than what you give through barter–still need to maintain relationship

Question 29

redistribution

Answer 29

movement of goods to a center, followed by division of goods & services across a group

Question 30

Marrin Harris

Answer 30

• The Event–large festival where leader display enormous amount of food & goods, the redistributes to his ppl & other communities
• competitive feasting
• encouraged ppl to work harder & produce a surplus
• brought multiple villages together in an exchange network that created long-term social ties

Question 31

capitalism

Answer 31

• widespread economic system used by many societies